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A

HISTORY

OF

BRITISH BIRDS.

BY

THE REV. F. of MOREIS, B.A.,

-X'

MEMBER OF THE ASHMOLEAN SOCIETY.

VOL. YIL

CONTAINING FORTY-TWO COLOURED ENGRAVINGS.

'Z)e profundis ad Dominum.''

LONDON:

GROOMBRIDGE AND SONS, 5. PATERNOSTER ROW.

aL

CONTENTS

OF

THE SEVENTH VOLUME,

PAGE

Gadwall 1

Pintail 5

Wild Duck .10

Garganey 20

Teal 24

Wigeon 29

American Wigeon 33

Eider Duck 3o

Steller's Western Duck 42

King Duck U

Velvet Scoter 47

Common Scoter 51

Surf Scoter 54

Eed-crested Whistling Duck 56

Pochard 59

Ferruginous Duck 65

Scaup 69

Ci* Tufted Duck 73

- Long-tailed Duck 77

^ Harlequin Duck 83

0^ Golden-eye 87

IV

CONTENTS.

Buffel-headed Duck

Smew ....

Hooded Merganser .

Red-breasted Merganser

Goosander

Great Crested Grebe

Eed-necked Grebe .

Dusky Grebe

Eared Grebe

Dabchick

Great Northern Diver

Black-throated Diver

Eed-throated Diver

Guillemot

Brunnich's Guillemot

Ringed Guillemot

Black Guillemot

Rotche

Puffin

Eazor-bill

Great Auk

PAGE

91
93
97
100
104
109
118
116
120
123
128
135
139
144
149
151
154
157
164
169
172

HISTOET OF BRITISH BIRDS.

GADWALL.

GAD WALL DTJCK. C0M:M0>' GAD WALL.

Anas strepera, Pennant. Montagu.

Chaidiodus strepera, Selby.

Anas— A Duck. Strepera — A factitious Tvord from Strepo— To rustle.

This is a rare species with us, but specimens are obtained
now and then throughout the country.

, On the continent of Europe it is met with in Spain, France,
Italy, Holland, Switzerland, Denmark, Germany, Xor\A^ay, and
Sweden, as also in Iceland. On that of Asia, in Siberia,
India, the country near the Caucasus, China, Japan, and
Persia. In Africa likewise, in the northern parts; and in
America, from the fur countries through the United States
to South Carolina.

In Yorkshire, two were obtained on the Humber, about
the 10th. of March, 1851; others near Doncaster. It has
been met with, but rarely, near York, and also at Swillington,
the seat of Sir John Lowther, Bart., near Leeds. In Xortblk,
two or three used to be shot every year near Yarmouth, on
Breydon. Two were on sale in the Cambridge market, on
the '25th. of February, 1821. One, of which Mr. M. C. Cooke
has informed me, was obtained in the vicinity of Ingham, in
Norfolk; the Hon. T. L. Pow^^s mentions the occurrence of
the species in Northamptonshire. In Cornwall, it has been
met with at Qwyllyn Vase, near Falmouth. In Oxfordshire,

VOL. vu. B

2 GADWALL.

a male was procured in January, 1833; and in the following
year a female, near Standlake; others in other parts of the
county.

In Ireland, it has been obtained near Limerick, on the
Eiver Shannon, and in other instances.

In Orkney, it has been shot at times in Sanday, but is
not a regular visitant.

'The localities preferred by the Gadwall are inland lakes,
large boggy flats, and ponds that are well covered with reeds,
osiers, and long herbage. During the day this species frequents
extensive open waters, but towards the dusk of evening it
becomes restless, and goes iii search of the lonely spots before
mentioned, for the purpose of feeding, and the enjoyment of
quiet and undisturbed recreation.' It seldom visits the sea-
shore.

It changes its quarters in September and October, and in
March and April; in the former months for the south, and
in the latter for the north. They migrate during the night.

It is said to be of recluse, shy, and wary habits, but
sociable among its own species. It is a good bird to eat.

It flies quickly and with strength, and is alert in all its
movements. It swims and dives well, and Meyer says, if
pursued, clings to the weeds under the water. He adds, that
if a family or small party of Gadwalls fly about, they keep
close, but not in a line, and on alighting they disperse over
the ground, and when taking wing, do so with more alertness
than most other ducks. They thrive well in confinement,
and have laid in the gardens of the Zoological Society.

These birds feed on water insects and their larvse, small
fish, and frogs, as also on plants, seeds, and grain of various
kinds, and grass. They chiefly seek their sustenance during
the day, on the water, and dive the head under to procure
it, but also near the water's edge in moist places.

The note is only the usual quack, seldom reiterated more
than twice at a time.

The nest of the Gadwall is placed among reeds, sedge,
rushes, or other aquatic herbage, such as vegetates by the
sides of pools, meres, and lakes, and in marshy spots *with
verdure clad.' It is composed of dry grass, and the eggs
are covered with down.

The eggs ars from five to seven or eight, or, Selby says,
ten or twci?^ in number. They are of a uniform buff white
colour.

GADWALL. 3

Male; length, about one foot seven inches. The bill, which
is flat, is lead-colour, blackish towards the tip; after the
summer moult, dusky, with orange about the base; iris, brown.
Head, crown, neck on the back, and nape, light greyish brown,
thickly speckled with darker brown, lighter after the summer
moult; the crown has a tinge of yellowish; in front and on
the sides the neck is grey, each feather tipped with a semi-
circle of a paler shade of the same colour. Chin and throat,
greyish white, finely speckled with brown; breast above, brown,
marked with crescent-shaped white lines on each feather, on
the lower parts becoming gradually broader, assuming a spotted
appearance; the sides beautifully variegated with short lines
of grey of two shades; below, the breast is white in front.
Back above, grey, a series of darker and lighter-coloured lines;
below, dark brown, with broad yellowish margins to the
feathers, some of them nearly black; after the summer moult,
brown, with dusky centres to the feathers.

The wings expand to the width of two feet nine inches.
Of the greater wing coverts half are velvet black, and the
others white, but greyish brown after the summer moult;
lesser wing coverts, grey, marbled with yellowish white; the
middle ones chesnut brown, varied with orange brown; the
tips of the feathers nearest to the speculum broadly bordered
with black, the upper rows grey; after the summer moult,
greyish brown. Primaries, almost black, dusky after the
summer moult, and lightest at the base of the feathtrs;
secondaries, also nearly black, the speculum is a tricoloured
bar of purple red, black, and white, except the four first
feathers, which are grey at the base and black at the tip;
after the summer moult it is dull white. Tertiaries, brownish
yellow grey, the margins paler grey. Tail, brownish grey,
the edges of the feathers paler— yellowish white; the two
middle ones are pointed, making it wedge-shaped; the side
feathers black. Upper tail coverts, bluish black with a tinge
of purple green, white after the summer moult; under tail
coverts, bluish black, tinted with green. Legs and toes,
orange red, less bright after the summer moult; claws, black;
webs, dusky orange red.

The female has over the eye a light streak intermixed with
black; head on the crown, glossy black, mixed with greyish
white; on the sides, yellowish white streaked with brown: neck
on the hack, pale brown, spotted with dark brown; in front
marked with alternate crescent-shaped bands of dark and

4 GADWALL.

pale brown, wider than in the male. Xape, brown, the feathers
edged with a paler shade; chin and throat, white; breast,
pale buff brown, with dusky spots on the feathers. Back,
deep dusky brown, the edges of the feathers paler and of a
rusty yellow or pale buff colour. Lesser wing coverts, greyish
brown, the edges paler; the speculum dull white. Tail, dark
brown, the edges and tips of the feathers pale buff, brown,
and white.

Yarrell says that the young birds of the year are 'of a
more uniform reddish brown colour above, speckled with dark
brown; the middle of each feather also dark brown.*

The plate is taken from a drawing by John Gatcombe,
Esq., of Wyndham Place, Plymouth.

CL,

PINTAIL.

COMMOTE PIjSTATL. PI^TTAIL DUCK. CEACKEE.
SEA PHEASAJs'T. WINTER DUCK.

Anas acuta J Pennant. Montagu.

Querquedula acutOy Selby.

Dafila cauducuta, GoULD.

Anas — A DucJk. Acuta— Sharp,

In Europe this bird is said to be common in Lapland, Russia,
Norway, Sweden, Holland, Germany, and France; occurring
also in Spain and Italy. In Asia it has been seen in
Siberia, Tartary, Japan, China, Asia Minor, Persia, and the
vicinity of the Caspian Sea. It belongs also to North America,
and is found from Hudson's Bay and Canada to the United
States, Florida, and Mexico.

The Pintail has been met with in Yorkshire, at Walton
and Scarthingwell, and also near York. It occurs, but rarely,
on Croxby Lake, Lincolnshire, as the Eev. R. P. Alington has
informed me; also at times in Northamptonshire, the Hon.
T. L. Powys says. In Cornwall one was shot at Pennance
Point, near Falmouth, in the year 1845; and a second at
Swanpool, in 1847. In Derbyshire it occasionally is seen on
the Trent; also in Cambridgeshire, Dorsetshire, Devonshire,
and Hampshire. In Norfolk, not uncommonly near Yarmouth.

This species has been known to pair with the Common
Duck, and a specimen of the progeny w^as exhibited before
the Zoological Society, in 1831, by the Hon. Twisleton Fiennes;
also with the Scaup, the Mallard, and the Bernicle. Lord
Stanley had a female Pintail which paired with a Wigeon,
and had eggs two successive seasons.

In Scotland one was observed on the River Dovern, near
Banff, in Aberdeenshire. Others have been noticed both in

G PZNTAH..

the north and south of Xorth Britain, but not many. In
Orkney it is pretty abundant in various par'^s, but especially
in San day, where it is seen both on the sea and fresh water.

In Ireland it is recorded by Mr. Watters, Junior, as having
occurred in the county of Louth, and other localities commonly.
In Wales it is also known; and in the Faroe Islands.

The haunts of the Pintail are the reedy borders of fresh-
water lakes, rivers, and ponds: it is rarely seen on the
sea-coast.

These birds move southwards in October and November,
and northwards in March or April, earlier or later according
to the forwardness or backwardness of the season. At the
time of migration they are sometimes seen tarrying by the
border of some retired bay or estuary, but for the most
part in more inland situations; keeping by day, for the
purposes of feeding or resting, on large sandy flats or the
open water, and at night coming in to more circumscribed
places.

The Pintail is in much estimation for the table. They
assemble in the winter in small flocks, and are by no means
shy. Considerable numbers are taken annually in the decoys
of Lincolnshire, J^orfolk, and other counties. They do well
in confinement. The parent bird shews much solicitude for
her brood, and will remain on the nest, it is said, even to
the last moment, if a supposed enemy approaches.

They seldom dive. When rising, on a sudden alarm, they
cluster confusedly together.

They feed on the seeds, roots, and leaves of various plants
that grow in shallow water, corn, beetles and other insects
and their larvse, small frogs and fish, worms, snails, and
mollusca generally. Sir William Jardine shot two feeding
in a stubble field. They are said to be particularly fond of
beech-mast.

Their note is described as being soft and low during the
season of courtship, and it is accompanied by various bowings
and tossings of the head. A louder chattering noise is also
made.

They appear, in some instances at all events, to be late in
breeding. Mr. Dann saw a large flock of both males and
females on the 1st. of July, 1838. The usual time seems to
be the month of April.

The nest of this species is placed by the margin of, or at
DO great distance from, water, lakes, ponds, and seas, and is

PINTAJL. 7

composed of grass and reeds, with a little lining of down.
Some have been found in ditches, and even in standing corn:
it is always well concealed.

From six to eight or nine eggs are laid. The young are
hatched in about twenty-three days. They at once repair
to the water.

These birds have repeatedly bred in confinement. Montagu
has recorded several instances.

The winter plumage is as follows: — Male; weight, about
twenty-four ounces; length, from two feet two to two feet
four inches. The bill, which is rather long, brownish black
at the base, and on part of the tip, the remainder and the
sides, leaden grey; iris, yellow; head on the sides, crown,
neck on the back, and nape, rich dark brown, with a tinge
of purple red, and mottled with small dark spots. From
the back of the head there descends, on the sides of the
neck, a white stripe, which widens as it goes down, and
extends down the lower part of the front of the neck and
the upper part of the breast. The neck is long and slender.
Chin and throat, also rich dark brown, the latter mottled
with small dark spots; breast above, white, as just mentioned,
the middle and sides grey white, transversely lined with ^e
black pencillings, below white. The back is of a neat grey
hue, the result of a series of alternate waved lines of yellowish
or greyish white, and bluish black, the upper part is darker
than the lower, the lines on the latter being more freckled,
less distinct, and paler.

The wings have the first quill feather the longest. Greater
wing coverts, greyish brown, tipped with white and reddish
buff; lesser wing coverts, fine grey, produced by alternate
waved lines of greyish white and blue black; primaries,
dusky greyish brown, the shafts broad and pale; secondaries,
black; the speculum or beauty spot, dark bronze, edged
with black, which again is green, tipped with white and with
a reddish tint near the shaft; it is formed by these colours
on the outer web and tip of each feather; tertiaries, long
and pointed, the centre of each deep black, the outer web
edged with white, the inner one with grey, or yellowish grey.
The tail has the middle feathers three inches long, and black,
slightly glossed with green; the others dark dusky brown,
margined with white; under tail coverts, deep velvet black.
Legs and toes, small, and blackish slate brown; webs, blaciJih
slate brown.

8 PINTAIL.

The male bird assumes the plumage of the female in the
summer.

In the female, which is less than the male, the bill is
slate-colour. The forehead and head on the crown, light
reddish brown, speckled, or rather streaked, with very dark
brownish black; sides of the head, pale dull yellowish, speckled
with black; neck, pale brown, speckled with very dark brown;
the white list is wanting. Chin and throat, cream- colour;
breast, dull white, obscurely spotted with brown, on the sides
dusky brown, the feathers barred and tipped with white,
below it is cream yellow, irregularly spotted with brown.
Back, dark brown, the feathers being nearly black in the
middle, and pale brown or yellowish white on the edges.
Grreater and lesser wing coverts, pale purple brown, with
margins and tips of white. Primaries, dusky brown; the
secondaries have the speculum brownish bronze green, wuth
white tips to the feathers; tertiaries, dusky brown, margined
with white. The tail is long and pointed, dark brown,
varied with imperfect bars of pale brownish yellow and white,
the two middle feathers are only about half an inch longer
than the others; under tail coverts, white, with chesnut
brown spots. Legs and toes, brownish grey; webs, brownish
grey.

A duck of this kind, a male, kept in confinement, as
presently mentioned, did not exhibit the summer change of
plumage, but an 'Exceptio probat regulam.'

In the young the white of the breast has a yellowish tinge.

Yarrell writes as follows on the subject of the fact alluded
to: — 'The males constantly undergo that remarkable summer
change in theu' plumage, which renders them for a time
more like the females in appearance than any other species
in which the change is observed. This alteration commences
in July, partly effected by some new feathers, and partly by
a change in the colour of many of the old ones. At first,
one or more brown spots appear in the white surface on
the front of the neck; these spots increase in number rapidly,
till the whole head, neck, breast, and under surface have
become brown. I have seen a single white spot remaining
on the breast as late as the 4th. of August, but generally
by that time the males can only be distinguished from
females of the same species by their larger size, and the
beak remaining of a pale blue colour; in the female the bill
is dark brown. I have seen a male Pintail confined in the

PIKTAIL. 9

hutch of a dealer throughout the summer, that did not
exhibit any change at all.'

The following is Montagu's description of a male Pintail,
after he had thrown oflP the masculine plumage, taken on
the 19th. of August: — 'Bill, as usual; top of the head, and
from thence down the back of the neck, dusky and pale
ferruginous, intermixed in minute streaks, paler on the forehead;
sides of the head and throat, brown, with minute dusky
specks, tinged with ferruginous; the front and sides of the
neck, brown, with dusky black spots which are minute on
the upper part, becoming larger by degrees downwards, where
they are also more distinct, the breast very pale brown,
with more distant dusky spots; the back and scapulars are
only black, with pale margins, each feather having a transverse
bar of white near the tip; the longer scapulars are only
margined with rufous white, and some are powdered with
white. As they approach the tail the feathers gradually lose
the white bar, so that the tail coverts are only margined
with white; the feathers on the sides of the body being large,
have broad margins, with the middle dusky black, in which
is either a ferru^-inous white bar, or two spots, one on each
side of the shaft; the prime quills dusky grey, as usual; the
speculum changeable green, or copper, tipped with white; a
violet bar dividing the green from the white. The first
tertial is brown on the inner web, grey on the outer, near
the shaft, and a broad margin of violet; the rest of the
tertials are brown, dashed wuth cinereous black near the shafts;
the coverts of the wings plain dark cinereous, the larger
series tipped with bay; the tail consists of sixteen dusky
feathers, dashed with cinereous, gradually becoming darker
towards the middle feathers, which rather exceed the rest in
length, making the tail regularly cuneiform ; vent, and under
tail coverts, rufous white, with distant black spots.

At the annual autumnal moult, the males again assume,
with their new feathers, the colour peculiar to their sex, but
the assumption is gradual. White spots first appear among
the brown feathers on the front of the neck; by the end
of the second week in October the front of the neck and
breast are mottled with brown and white; at the end of
the third week in October a few brown spots only remain on
the white.'

10

WILD DUCK.

COMMOIS" WILD DUCK. MALLAED.

Anas boschaSf Pennant. Montagu.

" /era, Brisson.

Anas — A Duck. Boschas — ?

The Wild Duck is common over the continent of Europe,
from Norway and Sweden. It is found also in Asia, even to
Japan; and in America, from Labrador, Behring's Straits,
and ISTewfoundland, to the United States; but in the latter
is rare. Farther south, however, they are said to become
more common again, and in Florida to be exceedingly
abundant.

Mr. Thomas Allis, of Osbaldwick, near York, thus writes
in his 'List of Yorkshire Birds,' of the present species — *0f
rare occurrence near Halifax and Hebden Bridge, not uncommon
about Barnsley, frequent in the vicinity of Sheffield and
Doncaster; it occurs near Huddersfield, is occasionally seen
about Leeds; it is common about York, and breeds in several
localities in the neighbourhood; it is met with at Pilmoor,
near Thirsk.' Arthur Strickland writes, 'in the year 1800
the Act for the Beverley and Barmston drainage was passed:
in this Act compensation for the destruction of the two
principal decoys in the county was provided for, and which
necessarily took place soon after the drainage of the country.
These were the decoys of Watton and Scorborough. Two
other decoys, those of Home and Meaux, probably ceased to
be used about this time also. I am informed that at the
decoy of Watton only, which had a range of upwards of a
thousand acres of water, nearly four hundred Ducks have
been known to be taken in one day. We may imagine the

i

WILD DUCK. 11

chansre in these matters in a country where now onlv a few
chance birds fall by the eun in the course of a winter.

In Cornwall, the Wild Duck is not uncommon near
Falmouth.

In Ireland it is plentiful.

Watery districts, ponds, lakes, rivers, and streams, are the
natural resorts of these birds.

The Wild Duck is a resident tbrousfliout the country, but
even in Orkney large flocks arrive in the autumn from still
more northern regions. ^In the extreme north the Mallard
is a migratory species, in the temperate climes indigenous,
and in the southern a winter visitant.'

The time of movement from the north begins in the
month of October, and continues throughout Xovember.
'During this time the flocks that pass over are immense, both
with respect to number and extent. These migratioDS are
chiefly performed during the night, but at times, when cir-
cumstances hurry them on, they continue the same during
the day. The manner in which they fly is in the form of
a slanting line, as if broken in its centre. When the journeys
are to short distances, they are performed in small parties,
following the course of the water or of low wet grounds, and
they sometimes fly in a confused low mass near the ground.'

Bishop Stanley writes — 'Ducks too, like Geese, have a
strong sense of afiection. We cannot, indeed, produce instances
so striking or so interesting as those related of the latter,
but the two following instances shew a similar tendency
towards animals as well as human beings: —

A clergyman had a ver}^ fierce and noisy house-dog, within
the leno'th of whose chain it would have been dangr-erous
for a stranger to have ventured; but, notwithstanding this
apparently savage disposition, a brood of ducklings, reared in
the yard in which he was kept, soon became so fond of
him, that whenever, from his barking, they apprehended
danger, they would rush towards him for protection, and seek
shelter in his kennel.

A farmer's wife had a young Duck, which by some accident
was deprived of its companion, and from that moment seemed
to concentrate all its afl*ections on her. Wherever she moved
it followed her so closely that she was in constant fear of
treading upon and crushing it to death. As it grew older
its afi*ection seemed to strengthen rather than diminish; it
laid itself by the fire and basked on the hearth, and when

12 WILD DUCK.

noticed, seemed delighted; this continned till some other
Ducks were procured, when, being constantly driven out ot
the house, it gradually associated itself with its more natural
compaDions.'

The following occurs in the 'Naturalist,' vol. iv, page 43,
from the pen of John Dixon, Esq., of Leeds: — 'A nest of
this shy bird was found by a lad amongst a clump of sedge
near the Eccup reservoir; he took the eggs home, and out
of curiosity they were set under a Domestic Duck, and in
process of time all hatched. The young brood seemed to
take very kindly to their foster-parent, and grew remarkably
tame, which lasted until they were well fiedged, when their
natural wildness appeared to be slowly returning. The company
of their domestic congeners was now too tame for them, and
they generally kept to themselves, paying frequent visits to
the not-far-distant reservoir, but always returning to the
farm -yard; a sudden noise, or the presence of dogs, etc.,
would start them up, and away they would go again for the
still waters. This continued until one day a gun was dis-
charged very near them, when one and all took to their
wings and never afterwards returned. I believe that many
■attempts have been made to restrain the natural wildness of
this beautiful bird, but I can hear of no instance where
the experiment has been perfectly successful in reconciling it
to domestic life. While writing this, the recollection of
another curious circumstance comes fresh to my memory.

During a visit to some friends at Wiston, many years ago,
I was often amused with the eccentricities of an old Goose,
who had seemingly forsaken his own kindred, and formed a
friendly alliance with a flock of Ducks, in the midst of
which he was always to be found, either afloat or ashore,
indeed any approach to his own tribe generally met with a
rebufl*; but he was of a peaceable turn, and not the Groose
to pick up a questionable quarrel, so these insults were never
retaliated but by a hiss. On inquiry into this strange
friendship, I was given to understand that the venerable
Goose had been hatched under a Duck, whose motherly
kindness he still evidently cherishes, in the fact of his
sticking to the family group ever after, in the midst of
which he probably still maintains a conspicuous place.'

The "Wild Duck, like so many other birds, evinces great
anxiety for her young if approached by any hostile, or
supposed-to-be-hostile, intruder, scurrying and flapping along

WILB DUCK. 13

the surface of the water to some distance, as if to court
pursuit:, and then taking wing, the young having in the
meantime hidden themselves away. In frosty weather, flocks
of Ducks huddle together on the ice, or assemble together
on the open sea, or in some field near to their accustomed
haunt, prepared to notice, and to take advantage of, the first
symptom of change in the weather which sooner or late?
must come. Vast numbers of these birds are taken every
year, and far greater numbers used to be taken in decoys,
*they being,' as Izaak Walton says of the Perch, *like the
wicked of the world — nob afraid, though their fellows and
companions perish in their sight.'

In its wild state the Mallard is monogamous, but the
domesticated male birds are polygamous. It need hardly be
mentioned that they, the former, to say nothing of the latter,
are excellent for the table. The young are called Flappers.

Sir William Jardine writes as follows: — 'After the vounsf
have received complete first plumage, the whole again begin
to congregate, and to frequent at the time of rest some
chosen piece of water or large morass, where they remain
during the whole day, making excursions morning and evening
to various feedino^-orounds. These differ according: to tlie
season; a river, if near and at all secluded, is much frequented;
in autumn, the fields of grain are flocked to at dark, and
when the crop has been laid, are selected for a spot to
alight upon. Extensive holmes or valleys are much frequented,
particularly if water be in the vicinity, to which, for a
time, they can retire after feeding. As twilight approaches
they may be seen by the watcher, early in the night, coming
from the points where he knows the daily resting-places are
situate. They at first fly round in circles, gradually lowering
and surveying the ground around; but as the night advances,
they fly straight to the spot and alight at once.

Many years since, when Wild Ducks were much more
abundant, we have shot them by watching among the ripe
grain. As the season advances, the stubble-fields are selected,
and more particularly if the ground is at all moist, or is
liable to be occasionally flooded, and the water continues
standing in the furrows; in these situations they are able
^0 find the grain, and by the sensibility of their bill-apparatus,
^o separate it from the water and foreign substances.

When winter ensues, and their resting-place is perhaps frozen,
they have to seek for water in the sorings and ditches which

14i WILD DrcK:.

do not freeze, and in the rivers which are generally partially
open, assembling in small parties or flocks; but in severe
seasons they are often driven to great extremity, but we do
not think that the individuals belonging, as it were, to a
district, migrate far, or seek the coast. In a locality not
more than twelve miles distant, we have rather seen an
increase than the reverse at such times, and in one or two
winters of unusual severity which have occurred within the
last twenty years, where almost every pool or hole was either
entirely blown "up by snow, or frozen, we have seen the
Wild Duck, (generally so shy) so reduced as to seek for any
greener spot in a field, or the least open part of a ditch,
and, if disturbed from these, merely fly around, or to a
short distance, until the cause of annoyance had been removed,
their bodies being at the same time completely emaciated.

Upon the sea-coast there is always a considerable number
to be found during winter and in severe weather, but bearing
no proportion to the large flocks of Wigeon and some of
the true sea Ducks; these we conceive to have been either
birds which have migrated from another country, or those
which belonged to the district in the immediate vicinity of
the coast, and they have resorted to the sea more as a
resting-place than for food, preferring at all times to seek it
inland, unless when the severity of the weather has completely
shut up all their accustomed somTes.'

On the water they are most at home, and there, if you
can watch them, yourself unobserved, in their natural haunts,
you will see them in every variety of posture, attitude, and
occupation; — some idly floating about on the still surface;
others asleep, or half-asleep, the head turned back and the
bill pillowed among the plumage; others ducking and diving
in joyous sport; here one lying on its side and baskiug in
the sun, and there another standing on the bank and preening
its feathers into trim array.

They make their food of grain, worms, slugs, small fish,
land and water insects, and these latter they snatch at and
catch on the water, or pick up at times, especially in dull humid
weather, on the dry, or to speak more exactly, on the moist
land. They also eat the leaves of various plants and grain.

As the day wears away towards evening:, before, and as if
making arrangements for, their departure for the night. Wild
Ducks set up a clamorous gabbling, the female being both
the loudest and miost incessant in her conversational powers.

WILD duce:. 15

When the debate has ended, the whole flock take wing in
separate parties, and return again in like manner soon after
dawn the following morning.

They are believed to remain in pairs throughout the year,
and the Younsf birds to choose their mates before the anni-
versary of their first summer.

The nest of this species, constructed the latter end of
April, is placed, unless in a few rare exceptional instances,
some of which will presently be mentioned, on the ground
in a dry place, often near, but on the other hand not
unfrequently at a distance from water; in some cases under
a hedge, and in others in an open field, or in a wood, but
under shelter of some kind; sometimes in marshy spots. It
is small in size, little more than six inches in the inner width,
and regularly formed of dry grass or other vegetable materials;
the lining being down, to the thickness of between two and
three inches.

As Mr. Hewitson observes, 'We should scarcely expect to
find the nest of the Wild Duck in a tree, and yet several
instances have occurred in which it has chosen for itself a
site thus elevated, and apparently uncongenial to its usual
habits. Mr. Tuke has met with a nest of this species in
the grounds of Castle Howard, in a large tree, twenty-five
feet above the ground, and fifty yards from the edge of the
water. Mr. Tunstall speaks of one at Etc;iingham, in Sussex,
which was built in an oak tree twenty-five feet above the
ground, and contained nine eggs; and Mr. Selby says that a
Wild Duck laid its eggs in the nest of a Crow, at least
thirty feet from the ground.' Others have been found at a
height of ten and eighteen feet.

In Daniels' 'Eural Sports,' mention is made of the deserted
nest of a Hawk, in a large oak, having been appropriated
by a Wild Duck; and Montagu speaks of one built between
the trunk and the boughs of a large elm tree, and of another
in a wdllow tree overhanging some water. Meyer mentions
one found by him on the stump of an old willow tree; and
G. B. Clarke, Esq., in 'The Xaturalist,' volume i, page 116j
one built on the fragment of a broken branch of an oak
about twelve feet from the ground, nnd a foot and a
half from the trunk. Another was found at Thornton Abbey,
in Lincolnshire, near the top of a large ivy-covered ash tree;
another in an old ruin. Sir AVilliam Jar dine mentions one

16

WILD DTJCK.

built on the top of a precipitous rock, and Audubon one in
the middle of some corn, a mile from any water.

The greater number of these birds go north to breed, but
not a few remain here and there throughout the country all
the year, and build.

The eggs are usually eleven in number; sometimes ten, and
sometimes twelve; and as many as fifteen are said to have
been found in one nest; Montagu says even eighteen. They
are smooth and of a very pale green colour, and of an
obtuse shape.

The old birds are supposed to remain in pairs throughout
the year, but the male leaves the female as soon as she
begins to sit. The hen frequently covers the eggs with down
or other substances if sbe leaves the nest for a time.

The young Dacks, or Flappers, are unable to fly until eight
or ten weeks old. They choose their partners before leaving
for the north the following year.

Male; weight, about two pounds and a half — from thirty-
six to forty ounces. One was shot in March, 1855, on the
Bassenthwaite lake, near Bowness, in Cumberland, which
weighed three pounds and three quarters. Length, two feet
two inches. The specimen just mentioned, measured two feet
three inches in length. Bill, yellowish green; iris, dark brown.
Head, crown, and neck on the upper part, rich dark metallic
glossy green — this is succeeded by a narrow ring of white
— the neck on the back lower down, and the nape, greyish
chesnut brown; the remainder of the lower part of the neck,
rich dark chesnut; in winter each feather has an edging of
white; breast above, deep chesnut, with a vinous or deep
purple tint; below greyish white, with a tinge of dull yellowish,
and on the sides elegantly marked with delicate grey lines;
back above, greyish chesnut brown, becoming darker on the
lower parts, the feathers edged with the former colour; below,
velvet black, with a reflection of blue or green.

The wings extend to the width of nearly three feet, and
have the second quill feather the longest. Greater wing
coverts, with a bar of white near the end, the tips velvet
black; lesser wing coverts, greyish brown, vath a tinge of
yellowish brown; primaries, dusky greyish brown; secondaries,
greyish brown on the inner webs, the speculum, formed of
the outer portion of the outer webs, rich shining purple,
passing into, and margined by, a bar of velvet black, and

WILD DUCK. 17

tipped with white; tertiaries, pale chesnut brown, the outer
webs darker than the inner. The tail, of twenty feathers,
has the four middle ones deep velvet greenish black, and
curled upwards and backwards, or to speak perhaps more
correctly, forwards, the others greyish ash colour, the margins
white, those of the outermost feathers the widest; upper tail
coverts, bluish or greenish velvet black; under tail coverts,
velvet black. Legs and toes, orange yellow; webs, orange
yellow.

In some other species of birds, we find the female, in
occasion al exceptional instances, the consequence either of age
or of some peculiar constitutional idiosyncrasy, assuming the
plumage of the male, but it is a curious fact in the natural
history of the Mallard, as also indeed in that of other Ducks,
that every year, in every instance, he assumes the dress of
the female, perhaps a shade darker. This change commences
about the beginning of the last week in May, and is com-
pleted in a month, namely by the beginning of the last
week in June. In the bes^innincr of Auo;ust he ao^ain b9o:ins
to don his own attire, and by about the end of the first
week in October is ^himself again.'

The female is less than the male. Length, one foot ten
inches; bill, greenish grey, black on the inner part, and light
yellowish brown towards the tip; the tooth black. Iris,
brown; head on the sides and the crown, pale buff" brown
with streaks of blackish brown; neck, also pale buff brown
and streaked with blackish brown, but the streaks smaller;
the lower part of the neck of a richer tint; chin and throat,
23ale buff brown. Breast, pale dull yellowish brown, the
centres of the feathers varied with a darker shade; on the
sides pale yellowish brown wuth blackish brown spots; back,
blackish brown, the feathers being deeply margined with reddish
white and pale yellowish brown.

The wings have the first and second quill feathers nearly
equal in length; greater wing coverts towards the end, white,
the tips velvet black; lesser wing coverts, greyish brown,
with the lower tier deeply tinted with pale reddish brown;
primaries, dark brown; secondaries, dark brown on the inner
webs, on the outer the speculum has the upper half green
with puj^ple reflections, the lower half velvet black w4th wdiite
tips to the feathers; tertiaries, also dark brown. Tail, brown,
the feathers margined with w^hite and reddish white; under
tail coverts, pale brown, the centres of the feathers varied
VOL. vu. C

18 WTLT) duck:.

with a sliglitly darker shade. Legs and toes, orange; webs,
darker orange.

In some instances the female has been known to assume the
plumage of the male, even to the curled feathers of the tail.

The young have a tinge of yellow on the whole of the
breast. The male resembles the female till after the first
moult.

Sir William Jardine observes, *The Wild Duck is sometimes
subject to variety; we have seen the drakes having the upper
parts of a bluish grey, the dark breast paler; and we possess
a Duck shot from a flock, which has the wings and part of
the head and neck white.'

A hybrid between the male Wigeon and the female Wild
Duck, has been described as a separate species, under the name
of the Bimaculated Duck, so called, apparently, from two
patches of chesnut brown, margined and varied with white, on
the side of the head and neck. It was supposed, subsequently
for some time, to be a hybrid between the Mallard and the
Teal, but Frederick Bond, Esq., in a letter to me on the
subject, says, *I have a fine specimen, of a hybrid between
the Wigeon and the Wild Duck, which closely approaches the
original specimen of the Bimaculated Duck, but being only
a bird of the year, the markings on the head are not very
well defined; but another specimen of the same brood, now
alive, had the markings much better defined, and if it lives
to moult again, I hope, and fully believe, that it will prove a
complete Bimaculated Duck. The female of the brood is exactly
like the specimen which formerly belonged to Mr. Vigors, and
is now with the male in the British Museum.'

Mr. Vigors' specimen, just mentioned, was taken in a decoy
at Boarstall, near Otmoor, Buckinghamshire, in the year 1771.
The following is the description of it, compiled from Mr. Selby's
account: — Male; bill, blackish grey, passing towards the base
and edges into orange yellow; between the bill and the eye,
and behind the ear coverts are two irregular patches of chesnut
brown, margined and varied with white. Head on the sides,
dark glossy green, on the front, crown, and back, very deep
reddish brown, glossed with purple black, and passing on the
back of the neck into deep violet purple; on the sides, the
neck is dark glossy green, and on the rest of the upper part
reddish brown, with oval black spots; breast, on the middle
part, pale reddish brown, spotted with black; below, yellowish
white, with waved black lines, most distinct on the sides.

WILD duck:. 19

Greater and lesser wing coverts, brown, the lower range
having pale brown tips; the speculum is dark green, glossed
with purple. The tail is wedge-shaped, with the two middle
feathers black, narrow, and pointed, and much longer than the
others, which are brown, margined with white; upper tail
coverts, greenish black, glossed with purple; under tail coverts,
also greenish black, with a purple gloss. Legs and toes, pale
orange; webs, pale orange.

Temminck says that the males of this kind appear to vary
very much in the degree of purity of the tints of their plumage,
and in the coloui' and form of the two large spots on the
neck. One specimen was covered in part only with the
variegated plumage of the Mallard, while all the rest was like
that of the female, but dotted here and there with some feathers
of the male. The top of the head alone exhibited some red
colour at the tips of the feathers, the metallic green also being
clouded with black it the end of the white feathers.

20

GAEGANEY

GABGAyET TEAL. SUMMEE TEAL. GAEGAKET DUCK,

Anas querquedula^ Pexnais'T. MontaGU.

Querquedula circia, Selby.

Anas — A Dack. Q.uerqueauia — ,o..-,». ......

The present, in this country, as a rather rare and at the
same time very neatly marked species, is always desirable as
an acquisition to a collection.

In Europe it is plentiful in Holland and Germany, and
is seen in Sweden, Russia, Kamtschatka, France, Spain, and
Italy. In Asia likewise, in Siberia, the Dukkun in India,
Persia, Arabia, China, and in the neighbourhood of the Caucasus:
also in Africa, in Tunis.

In Yorkshire the Garganey has more or less frequently
occurred near Doncaster, York, Barnsley, Halifax, and other
places. Mr. Dunn, of Hull, obtained two in the year 1840.
Several specimens have been shot in the vicinity of Swinhope,
Lincolnshire, as the Eev. E. P. Alington has informed me. In
Cornwall two v/ere procured near Falmouth, one of them at
Swanpool, in March, 1846. In Oxfordshire they occur some-
times, though rarely, in the neighbourhood of Weston-on-the-
Green, and other parts. In August, 1830, three birds of this
species, all young, alighted on some water near Otmoor, and
were shot by a farmer. In Norfolk the Garganey is not
uncommon in the neighbourhood of Yarmouth, and occasionally
breeds about there; it also is known in different places in
the county. It has occurred in Surrey, at Godalming. Like-
wise in Cambridgeshire. In Cornwall, Kent, Devon, and Essex,
it is said to be rare.

e^ABGA'N'ET.

In Scotland six specimens were obtained in Stirlingshire,
during the last fortnight of March, 1841.

In Orkney a few appear in the spring.

In Ireland it is extremely rare, and the same observation
is applicable to Wales.

The Garganey resorts to low watery lands, and only
occasionally to the neighbourhood and estuaries of the sea-coast.

It is a migratory or moveable species, in the spring and
autumn months, and is seen with us on these occasions, most
so, it is said, in the former, for a brief space during each
'changing scene.' Those that occur are probably stray
individuals, which have been driven out of their ordinary
course. The vernal migration is made in March and April,
and the autumnal in October and November. They travel
by night, and in small parties.

The Garganey is considered a remarkably delicate bird for
the table. It is not very shy in its habits, and soon becomes
tame in confinement. Meyer says 'During the days the present
species conceals itself on the water, among flags and weeds
that abound on the borders of lakes and ponds, ditches and
rivers; it may also sometim^es be met with feeding in a low
meadow or field. Its time for roosting is the middle of the
day, and it takes its rest either on the water, or standing
and squatting among the long grass in meadows. Towards
the dusk of evening, and mostly earlier than other .Ducks,
it starts from its retreat to the usual feeding ground, among
which, pools, occasioned by heavy rain and thawed snow,
form a favourite resort; there the Garganey Teal busies itself
throughout the night, until the approach of daylight reminds
it that its safety becomes endangered.

The Garganey Teal is not conspicuous for the bright colouring
of its plumage, but, on near inspection, it will be found
to be one of the most beautifully marked of its family,
and its general appearance is graceful; its capacities, in the
way of swimming and walking, are equal in every respect
to those of the foregoing species. Its flight is exceedingly
buoyant, sometimes very quick, and it is said to be capable
of evolutions that are peculiar to itself; these are, that the
bird rolls occasionally over and over in the air, shewing to
the beholder first its under, and then its upper parts. It3
flight v;hen on its migratory journey is performed in a straight
progress, and when a small numl3er or family are togeti.er
on the wing, they form a sort of line, but the individuals

22 GAEGANET.

do not keep close together like most other Ducks. In
consequence of its wings being small in proportion to its size,
the noise produced by them is very trifling, and seldom
heard.

When it is disturbed from its hiding-place, it very frequently
settles again near the same spot, and during its stay in any
place, it is known frequently to approach very near the
habitation of man, where a suitable piece of water invites it.'

The food of this species consists of insects and their larvse,
slugs, seeds, worms, the small fry of fish and frogs, the
roots and shoots of different water-plants, grasses, grain,
barley, millet, and oats. The last-named are moistened with
water before being swallowed. The smaller articles of food
are obtained by sifting with the bill.

The usual note is described as a low hoarse croak.

The Grarganey begins to lay, as Mr. Hoy has recorded
in a communication to Mr. Hewitson, about the middle of
April, or towards the end of the month or the beginning of
May.

The nest, according to the same authority, is made of dry
grass and rushes, mixed with the down of the bird itself.
It is placed in low and marshy situations, among reeds and
rushes, and by the borders of inland waters and rivers, among
the adjoining rank herbage.

The eggs are from eight to ten, or even fourteen in number —
buff in colour.

Incubation continues for about twenty-one days.

The young birds, as soon as hatched, follow their mother
to the nearest water.

The colours in this species are of a subdued tone. Male;
weight, fourteen or from nearly that to fifteen ounces; length,
one foot four inches, or from that to one foot four and a
half or five inches. Bill, bluish brown grey, behind its base
and over the eye is a broad streak of white, which passes
down the sides of the neck. Iris, dark brownish lead-colour;
forehead, light purple reddish brown, shaded on the crown,
back of the head, and neck behind, into a rather darker shade,
ending in a point half way down the latter. The sides of
the head and of the neck, purple brown, variegated with short
fine lines of white. Chin, black; throat and breast above,
yellowish brown, with rather broad crescent-shaped marks of
pale blackish brown; below dull yellowish white, with a few-
dusky streaks; the sides distinctly marked with numerous

GAEaA:N'ET. ' 23

transverse undnlating black lines. Behind the legs is a
tranverse riband, striped with grey, black, white, and leaden
blue. Back, rather dark brownish black, glossed with green,
with an edging to each feather of a lighter shade of yellowish
brown, the edging becoming paler and more ii'regular on the
lower part.

The wings have the first qnill feather the longest; greater
wing coverts, dull bluish grey, tipped with white; lesser wing
coverts, bluish grey, edged with white; primaries, brownish
black; the wing spot on the outer webs of the secondaries is
dull but glossy green, with a margin of white below; tertiaries,
bluish grey. The scapular feathers are very elegant, being long
and of a lanceolate shape; the colour deep black, shaded into
grey at their lower edge, and with a narrow distinct line of
white running along the shaft. The tail, of fourteen feathers,
is dusky greyish brown; under tail coverts, mottled with
brownish black and yellowish white. Legs and toes, bluish
grey brown; webs, bluish grey brown.

The female is less than the male; over the eye is an
indistinct streak of pale brown; head on the crown, and all
over, brown, with spots and lines of a darker shade; neck
on the back, brown, the feathers edged with white; chin and
throat, white. Breast, greyish white, variegated with two
shades of brown; below white; the sides pale brown, varied
with a darker shade; back, dark brown, with reddish brown
edges, and white tips to the feathers. Greater and lesser wing
coverts, dark greyish brown. The speculum very dull and
indistinct, and bordered on each side with white; tertiaries,
dark brown, the feathers tipped with white, and with reddish
brown edges to the feathers.

The young male resembles the female till after the first
moult.

TEAL. 25

In Orkney, though a resident throughout the year, it is by
00 means nunaerous, but is most plentiful during winter: some
stay to build in the summer. In Ireland also, it is a common
and indigenous species; the same remark apphes to Scotland.

The situations it frequents are the edges of rivers, lakes,
pools, ponds, and streams, watery meadows, wet stubble-fields,
and ditches, especially where flags and rushes afford both a
natural screen from observation, and a supply of food; cultivated
and uncultivated districts, pro^dded that these requirements
are supplied, are equally sought.

It is a migratory species, appearing by the middle or end
of September, and remaining till the middle of March. They
travel, for the most part, in large flocks, and chiefly by night,
though large numbers are also seen moving in the daytime;
in either case at a his^h elevation.

o

These birds are fonder of lochs and inland waters than of
the sea-side. They are not very shy, and I have seen them
on a pond adjoining a public highroad, namely, at Burton-
Agnes, near Burlington. They have a habit, like the Jack
Snipe, when put up, of flying round and round in circles,
returning to the same place, after a short flight, unless when
disturbed in the morning, in which case they rise up high
in the air, and fly off. During the day they repose on the
water, or near to its brink, with the head drawn back between
the shoulders, or hidden under the feathers. They leave for
their feeding-places immediately after sunset. These birds are
excellent eating. They do well in confinement, and have
bred in the gardens of the Zoological Society. The males
assemble in small parties, in the latter part of the season,
before the females and the young make their appearance.

They fly very lightly and well, and, when in flocks, both
in single line and the form of a triangle. They run very
nimbly and cleverly among reeds and other long herbage.

They make their food of barley, oats, and grain generally;
duck-weed and other plants, grass, seeds, and w^ater-insects.
The search for these occupy their 'Night Thoughts,' for, as
before observed, they rest during the day. The first-named
they moisten before swallowing.

The nest, which is usually built by the mai'gin of an
inland lake, but sometimes near the sea-shore, and in clefts
of rocks and stony places, is placed among, and constructed
of heath, grass, or other vegetable substances, in moorland
and marshy districts, in rushy or boggy places. There is a

26 TEAL.

thick lining of down and feathers: the whole is of rather
large size.

The eggs are from eight, ten, or eleven, to fifteen in
number. They have been found under a furze hush without
any nest. They are white, with a tinge of buff or cream-
colour.

Male; weight, about eleven ounces or a little over, on to
twelve ounces; length one foot two inches and a half, to one
foot three inches. The bill is dark lead-colour — nearly black,
the tip black. The feathers about the base of the under
mandible are thickly speckled with dull green. These green
spots extend round the bill, getting darker underneath, and
widening out at the chin, where they form a spot of con-
siderable size, nearly black, Eound the edge of this black
spot a very narrow band of light buff extends along the
chesnut on the head, over the eye, and loses itself in the
chesnut at the back of the neck. Another stripe of buff
branches off from the former in front of the eye, and extends
under it, where it becomes nearly white, and ends at the
ear coverts. Iris, pale hazel brown; the eyelid white, forming
a spot below the lower line and the eye; between these two
light bands round the eye, and extending a short way down
the neck, rich light blue, glossed with deep green, gradually
narrowing until it joins the chesnut at the back of the neck,
at which point is a pitch of black, shghtly burnished with
purple; underneath the lower pale line, extending to the chin
and a short way down the neck, rich chesnut. Head on the
forehead, crown, and sides, and a short way down the back
and sides of the neck, very rich chesnut brown; these feathers
are slightly elongated, almost concealing the black patch.
Chin, black; throat and neck in front, chesnut; breast on
the upper part, yellowish white, spotted v/ith black, and with
a tinge of purple; below dull dusky white; on the sides barred
or waved with narrow zigzag black and white lines; back on
the upper part, pale grey, minutely zigzaged with darker j
waved lines; on the lower part the dark brown colour is so J
thick as to appear nearly black.

The wings expand to the width of two feet eleven inches;
the first and second quills are nearly equal; greater wing
coverts, greyish brown, deeply tipped v;ith white, forming a
bar; those next to the body are tipped with yellowish rufous;
underneath the quills are light blackish or grey; the shafts

TEAL. 27

white; lesser wing coverts, greyish brown; primaries, dull
blackish brown. Of the secondaries the first six are of a
fine velvet black, the next of a resplendent glossy green, and
both tipped with white; the speculum, or spangle, has the
first feathers black, tipped with white, and a small rich speck
of bm^nished green at the base; this spot continues to increase
in the other feathers till the entire half of each becomes
rich green with a reflection of blue; the last feather con-
siderably pointed. The long tertiaries have some of the feathers
half grey, and one feather near the beauty spot has one
side dull grey, the other rich bright grey near the quill,
then black, and finally edged with white. Grreater and lesser
under wing coverts, white. The tail is of fourteen feathers,
slightly pointed, pale dusky brown, edged with white; the
two middle feathers slightly extended and grey, edged with
a narrow line of buff; underneath the tail is ash grey. Upper
tail coverts, almost black, edged with rufous buff, some half
black; under tail coverts, broadly edged with white, the centre
feathers jet velvet black; outside these a pale but rich clear
spot of cream-colour, bounded on the upper side with black.
Legs and toes, brownish leaden grey, the joints darker; webs,
brownish leaden grey.

The male assumes the plumage of the female in the summer,
by the end of July or beginning of August, and this he
retains till the general moult.

The female has the upper bill yellow on the edges, olive
green on the sides, and olive brown on the ridge; the under
bill yellowish; the tooth black. A brown streak extending
to the nape is the substitute for the green patch behind the
eye. Head on the crown, light yellowish brown, spotted with
dark dusky brown; on the sides yellowish white, spotted with
dusky brown; neck on the front and sides, freckled with half-
moon shaped marks of two shades of brown; on the back pale
dull yellowish, streaked with deep brown. Chin, pale brown;
throat, yellowish white, spotted with brown; breast on the
upper part, glossy yellowish white; on the lower part and
sides, dull white, with dark brown spots. Back on the upper
part, dark brown, with two narrow bars of yellowish buff brown
and whitish on each feather. The speculum has less green and
more of the purple tinge, and at the same time more black;
under tail coverts, dull white, spotted with dark brown. Legs
and toes with a tinge of yellow.

28 TEAL.

The young of the year, after the two first months are like
the female, but somewhat darker m plumage; the males do
not assume their distinctive dress till about the middle of
December.

When first hatched they are covered with dark-coloured
down.

The plate is taken from a design by the Kev. R, P. Almgton.

29

WIGEON.

COMMON WIGEON. WHEW DUCE:.

Anas Penelope, Pennant. Montagu.

Mareca Penelope, Stephens. Selby.

Anas~L Duck. Penelope— ThQ name of the wife of Ulysses.

Why applied to this hird, I cannot tell.

This handsome Duck is widely distributed in Europe and
Asia — it ranges from Iceland to Norway, Sweden, Lapland,
Finland, Holland, where some breed, as also to France, Prussia,
Germany, and Poland. It occurs likewise in Africa, finding
its way to Egypt. In Asia, it has been perceived in Asia
Minor, and in India in Japan.

It frequents both the sea- coast and the grassy borders of
rivers, swamps, lochs, lakes, fens, and ponds. It is a very
abundant species, and great numbers are taken in decoys.

In Yorkshire the Wigeon is met with more or less commonly
about Doncaster, York, Leeds, Sheffield, Hebden Bridge,
Barnsley, and other parts of the county. In Northampton-
shire it occurs, as elsewhere; in Norfolk it is abundant. In
Cornwall it is not uncommon in the neighbourhood of Falmouth
— at Swanpool, Gwyllyn Yase, Penryn Creek, and Mylor Creek.
In Lincolnshire on Croxby Lake.

In Orkney this species is numerous in winter. In Ireland
also it is common.

Mr. Selby and Sir William Jardine have found the nest in
Sutherlandshire, on Loch Laigal, Loch Hope, Loch Shin, and
Loch Naver, and also on smaller waters near Lairg.

With such exceptions as those mentioned above, the Wigeon
goes northwards in the spring to breed, returning again in
the autumn; the former in March and April, and the ^merry
month of May,' the latter in the middle or end of September,

30 WIGEON.

and early in October, or later with tlie weather. Meyer says^
speaking of their migrations, ^These journeys are generally
performed during the night, at which time the birds fly at no
great elevation, and may easily be known by their continued
whistling; when the journeys are continued during the day,
the birds fly very high, and in the usual manner of Ducks
— following one another; but these birds fly so very close
upon the heels of their leader, that it forms a distinguishing
peculiarity.' ^The young keep among the rushes and reeds
in the lakes; the old birds betaking themselves to the shallows
on the coast.'

In its natural habits the Wigeon is far from shy, and is
easily tamed. It is, however, in this country, in its wild
state, obliged to learn to provide for its security by suitable
precaution. Lord Stanley had a male Wigeon which paired
with a female Pintail that had previously bred in confinement.
Eggs were laid two successive seasons, but the first year
they were destroyed, and the second she forsook them. In
the ^Gardener's Chronicle' of April, 1842, it is stated, 'A
few years since a pair of Wigeons were kept in the river
which bounds the Botanic Gardens at Bury St. Edmonds.-
The male bird was shot during the winter, and the following
spring was succeeded by a wild one, no doubt attracted by
the call of the female, by whom it had several young ones,
which all left at the usual period of migration except the
pinioned parent. Last year a male bird again made its
appearance, and another brood was the consequence; a small
portion of their wings have been taken ofi", and they are
now become as tame as any of the water-fowl.' The Wigeon
is much esteemed for the table. It is a sprightly and gay
bird, and is a great ornament to a piece of water.

This species feeds principally on water-insects and their
larvae, small mollusca, worms, the fry of fish, and frogs; as
also the buds, shoots, leaves, and seeds of plants, and grass;
and these it browses on in the daytime, but it chiefly seeks
its food in the mornings and evenings, and also at times in
the night.

The note is a whistling or whewing cry.

These birds visit northern countries for the most part to
breed — Norway, Sweden, and others. They begin to pair by
about 'St. Valentine's day.'

They build among rushes, grass, flags, fern, and reeds, or
low bushes where there are such, and use the former materials

V/IGE02T. 31

and leaves in the eonstrnction of the nest, the lining being
supplied with down from the bird's own body. The situation
chosen is the neighbourhood of some lake or river, and the
nest itself is cleverely concealed.

The eggs are from five to eight, or, Meyer says, ten or
twelve in number. They are of a fine cream-white colour.

When the hen bird begins to sit, the male retires into
seclusion. The incubation of the eggs continues for twenty-
four or twenty-five days. The young, as soon almost as
hatched, betake themselves to the water.

Both the male and female Wigeon have been known to
pair with the Pintail, and with the Common Duck.

Male: weisrht, about twentv-three or twentv-four ounces*
length, nearly one foot eight inches. The bill is narrovv'-, and
of a bluish lead-colour, the tip and the tooth black; iris, dark
dusky brown — from it a green streak passes backwards. The
head is high and narrow in shape. From the forehead extends
over the crown a band of fine yellowish orange cream-colour,
forming a sort of crest; the remainder of the head and neck
rich chesnut, speckled with black — it is divided from the breast
by a band or collar of beautiful narrow waved lines of brown
and white; nape, beautifully barred with black and pale reddish
white; chin and throat, almost black. The breast, on the upper
part and sides, is pale vinous red, lightest in front, and darkest
on the sides; below, the breast is white, and rayed with grey
on the sides, paler lower down. Back, variegated with greyish
white and black in fine irresrular undulatins^ lines.

The wings have the first and second quill feathers of nearly
equal length. They expand to the width of two feet three
or four inches. The ridge of the wing is dusky grey brown;
greater wing coverts, w^hite, tipped with black, forming an
upper border to the beauty spot; of the lesser wing coverts
the upper ones are grey, finely powdered with white; the others
white. Primaries, dusky brown; of the secondaries those next
the body have the margin of the outer webs more or less white.
The speculum is glossy green, with a broad edge of black
above and below. Tertiaries, velvet black on the outer webs,
with white edges, the inner ones deep greyish brown: they
are very long. The tail is wedge-shaped, the two middle
feathers being pointed, and considerably longer than the others;
these are dusky black, with a tinge of hoary gre^^; the others,
which are also pointed, grey edged with rufous brown. There
are fourteen feathers in all Upper tail coverts, black, edged

82 wiaEOK.

with rufous, and freckled with grey; under tail coverts, black,
glossed with green, and edged with white. Legs and toes,
dusky bluish, or greenish grey — the hind toe has a rudimental
web; claws and webs, dusky bluish grey, the middle of the
web darker.

The mottled plumage of summer, which is begun to be
assumed by the male bird as soon as the female begins to lay.
and is retained till the end of November or the beginning of
December, is as follows: — Head, crown, and neck, spotted all
over with black; breast, reddish brown, with darker bars and
lines; back, mottled and varied with large bars of reddish brown
and dusky, and finer waved lines of black and white. Under
tail coverts, white, with reddish brown bars.

Female; length, one foot five or six inches. The bill is less
blue than in the male, and darker bluish grey. Head, crown,
and neck, speckled with dark dusky brown and pale ferruginous,
each feather being minutely barred. Breast above, vinous
brown, below white, or nearly white, and the sides yellowish
brown, which is often more or less extended over the remainder
of the under parts. Back on the upper part, dusky greyish
brown, with narrow bars of ferruginous brown, the centres of
the feathers being darker than the margins. Lesser wing
coverts, brown, margined with white. The speculum is black,
tipped with white. The tertiaries are partially margined with
white and partly with rufous, the latter next the body. The
tail is of fourteen feathers; under tail coverts, white, spotted
with blackish brown. Legs and toes, deep bluish grey.

The young male of the first year resembles the female.

S3

AMEEICAN WIGEON.

^nas Americana, WiLSOX Ai'DL'R<)

Marecd Americana^ Stephens.

Anas — A JDiick. Aviericayius — American.

This Duck is abundant in various parts of North America^
fron) the Eiver Saskatchewan and the Columbia, and the shores
of Hudson's Bay, through the United States to Florida,
Carolina, Mexico, Cuba, Martinique, and St. Domingo.

A pair of these birds were on sale in the London market
in the winter of 1S37-S, as recorded in the 'Xaturalist*^
magazine, volume iii, page 417.

In the autumn they depart in flocks from their summer
quarters.

They are described as being of a lively and frolicsome
disposition, and are considered excellent eating.

They are said sometimes to perch . on trees.

Their food is composed of flies, w^orms, leeches, small fry,,
beech-nuts, and grain of various kinds; and they do much
damage in the rice plantations. They come out to feed in
the evenings.

The note is a soft whistle, enunciated by the sound 'whew,*
and it is frequently imitated successfully to their destruction.

The eggs are from six to eight in number.

Male; length, one foot elevei 'nches; bill, bluish grey, bordered
and tipped with black; iris, Lc. ... — behind the eye a broad dark
green streak passes backwards. Forehead and crown, dull
white, on the sides and back pale brownish wdiite, freckled with
black; the feathers at the back of the head a little elongated:
a white band runs from the forehead to the nape. Neck in
front, reddish brown. Breast above, wdiite, on the sides^
f>rownish red, c^lossed with grey; on the sides it is barred with
dark lines, below white. Back on the upper part, reddish

VOU Ml. li

84 AMERICAN WIOEOIS".

brown, glossed with grey, each feather marked across with
small zigzag blackish lines; on the lower part the back is
brown, waved in like manner with brown and white.

The wings have the second feather the longest, but the first
nearly as long; greater wing coverts, white, slightly marked
with brown and tipped with black; lesser wing coverts, brown;
primaries, brown. The secondaries have the speculum on the
outer webs green, edged with black above and below. The
tertiaries are blackish brown, with a tinge of green on the
outer webs and brown on the inner, bordered with white.
Tail, brown — it is slightly pointed, the middle feathers being
elongated; upper tail coverts, brown, barred with paler brown
and white; under tail coverts, brownish black, with a tinge of
green. Legs and toes, dark brown; webs, dark brown.

The female is in length about one foot nine inches. Head,
crown, and neck, yellowish white, thickly speckled with black.
The breast with very little rufous. Back, dark brown, edged
and faintly barred with pale brown and white.

The young male at first resembles the female, and does not
acquire his full distinctive plumage till the second year. Wilson
says these birds are subject to a regular change every spring
and autumn. It appears that the *Act of Uniformity' is
infringed by most., if not ail, of the males of the Duck in be.

35

EIDER DUCK.

EIDER. COMMOTE EIDER. ST. CUTHEERT's DITCK:. COLK.
GREAT BLACK AND WHITE DUCK.

Anns moIUssima, L.T'SS.v.VS.

Somateria mollissima, Fleming. Selby.

Anser lanuginosuSf Brisson.

A7ias—A Duck. Mollissima — Most soft.

The native haunts of the Eider are the frozen regions o
the north — Grreenland abounds with them, and they are
numerous on the coast of Labrador, in ]N*orth America, and
all about Baffin's Bay and Davis' Straits. Their southernmost
range appears to be as far as Mayne and New York^ m the
United States.

In Europe they are plentiful about the shores of Norway,
Sweden, Lapland, Denmark, and Schleswig Holstein; Iceland,
Spitzbergen, the Ferroe Isles, Nova Zembla, and other parts
within the Frigid Zone: a few occur in Holland and France.
In Asia the species ranges in the same latitudes.

Many breed off the Northumbrian coast, on the Fern
Islands, and Coquet Island, but they are far less numerous
than they used to be, having been much molested during
the breeding-season.

A few have occurred by the shore, and even inland, in
otiier parts of the country. An Eider Duck was killed in
B'cjrkshire, at Sunning, during a very severe frost. In Durham
it has occurred near Bishop Auckland and Hartlepool. In
Norfolk a few young birds have been met with on the coast.

In Scotland, Eobert Gray, Esq. has informed me of one
which occurred on the Tyne sands, Dunbar, in 1S51. In
^Orkney they are common, and many remain throu2:hout the
year, and breed in various parts of the islands. The same

SG EIDEE DJJCK,

remark applies to the Hebrides and the Shetland Islands.

In Ireland it is known, but is rare.

The Eider is entirely a bird of the ocean, and of its
estuaries — fresh water being uncongenial to it. Meyer writes
as follows: — 'Small islands that slope gradually into the sea,
the Eider Duck chooses by preference; there they may be
seen to sun themselves on the sands in fine w^eather in the
morning. The time of roosting is the middle of the day,
which is most frequently enjoyed on the liquid element.
During the night this bird is chiefly employed in feeding,
and its movements from place to place are performed morning
and evening.'

These birds can hardly be said to migrate, but rather to
wander, and at such times, as also when the females are
accompanied by their young, they are most difficult to be
approached, even wuth a boat or vessel of any kind.

If undisturbed they seem to be very fearless. Mr. Hewitson
mentions that among some of the islands in Norway, where
they are preserved, they would even suffer the old man who
had the care of them to stroke them on the back. Others,
in Iceland, allowed Sir William Hooker to touch them while
they were sitting, without appearing to be at all alarmed.
They go together in large and small flocks in the winter,
and generally keep in deep water, diving for their food. The
Greenlanders esteem them for the table; but Vhat is one
man's food is another man's poison,' and I should be inclined
to suppose that there are many other dishes which would
be preferred by an Englishman's appetite. The young have
been successfully reared in confinement at Knowsley, Lord
Derby's, and others brought up by Mr. Selby from the egg
Hved for a year; like instances have also been recorded.

They dive with ease, and can remain under water for a
long time. If suddenly surprised they endeavour by this
mode to escape pursuit; but if approached in a boat at
*long range,' generally take wing. They fly strongly and
well, at a rate, it has been computed, of more than ninety
miles an hour. Their walk on the land is unsteady, and as
if performed laboriously.

They feed on mussels and other shell-fish, small crabs and
other Crustacea, and the fry of fishes.

^In some countries,' as mentioned by Meyer, *this bird is
properly protected by the laws, which punish those who
molest them with a fine of some eight or ten dollars; but

EIDER DUCK. 37

wliere the lireeding-places are respected, the number of nests
increases annually to a wonderful degree, and in consequence
the coasts become literally covered with the nests of these
birds. On the Island of Wildoe, near Iceland, where only a
single family resides, the place is entirely peopled by tame
birds of this species during the breeding-season. The ground
chosen for the nest is an undulating sea-coast or island, the
same being scantily covered by low herbage, low birch trees,
juniper or lichens, and at intervals interspersed with sand
and shingle.'

The Eiders pair in March, and the males have frequent
contests with each other.

'About April,' writes Selby, *they are seen assembling in small
groups along the shores of the mainland, from whence they
cross over to the islands in May; soon after which the females
begin to prepare their nests, and they usually commence laying
about the 20th. of that month. The males, as soon as this
takes place, and incubation commences, leave the females, and
again spread themselves along the shore in companies of four
or five together, and do not, as far as my observation goes,
'continue on watch near the shore as long as the females remain
sitting,' and then desert her and the newly-hatched brood, as
mentioned in Shaw's Zoology.'

*In the localities,' says Meyer, *where the Eider Duck breeds,
it is so careless, or rather so little awed by the presence of
mankind, that it makes its nest not only near but among
human habitations, and the female allows persons not only to
take her eggs from her, but even to touch her without
shewing any timidity; the male bird is at the same time
warily approached within gunshot, either on the water or land.'

The down with which the nests of these birds are lined,
is made an article of commerce, and in the countries where
they are plentiful, the people rob the nest two or three times
in the season. The eggs are also taken at the same time,
eo as to make the birds lay again, *but it is generally found
that if they are robbed more than twice, they begin to desert
the place, and if pillaged oftener they quit it entirely.'

'A few days after the young Ducks leave the eggs,' says
Bishop Stanley, they proceed to the water under the guidance
of their dam, who swims with them on her back to some
distance, when, making a sudden dive, she abandons them to
themselves, and re-a]~)j)earing, tempts them to come towards
her; so that on the first trial they commonly become expert

88 EIDEB BVCK.

swimmers. When the breeding-season is over, they generally
stand out to sea; yet numbers are seen frequenting the bays
and creeks about the coast. The eggs furnish food to the
inhabitants, and the down is bought on the spot at about
thirteen or fourteen shillings a pound, by merchants, who send
it to different parts of the world. It is used chiefly for
making bed-coverings, on account of its exceeding lightness
as well as warmth; a large bed-quilt sometimes weighing onlj
five pounds three ounces, of which the linen covering weighs
two pounds and a half, leaving two pounds eleven ounces
for the Eider-down.'

Eennie writes as follows in his edition of Montagu's 'Orni-
thological Dictionary;' — 'Brunnich, who wrote an express
treatise on the Eider Duck, informs us that their first object
after pairing is to procure a suitable place for their nest,
preferring the shelter of a juniper bush, where it can be had;
and where there is no juniper, they content themselves with
tufts of sea-grass, bundles of sea-weed cast up by the tide,
the crevices of rocks, or any hollow place which they can
find. Some of the Iceland proprietors of breeding-grounds,
in order to accommodate them, cut out holes in rows on the
smooth sloping banks where they would not otherwise build,
but gladly take possession of them when scooped out to
hand. It is not a little remarkable that, like several other
sea-birds, they almost always select small islands, their nests
being seldom, if ever, found on the shores of the mainland,
or even of a large island. The Icelanders are so well aware
of this, that they have expended a great deal of labour in
actually forming islands, by separating from the main island
certain promontories joined to it by narrow isthmuses.

The reason of the preference of islands seems to be security
from the intrusion of dogs, cattle, and other land animals,
to whose vicinity they have so great an aversion, that the
Icelanders are careful to remove these, as well as cats, to a
distance from their settlements. *One year,' says Hooker, 'a
fox got over upon the ice to the Island of Yidoe, and
caused great alarm; he was, however, though with difficulty,
taken, by bringing another fox to the island, and fastening
it by a string near the haunt of the former, by which means
he was allured within shot of the hunter.'

The Arctic Fox is traditionally said to have been introduced
into Iceland by one of the Norwegian Kings, to punish the
disaffection of the inhabitants.

EIDTJR DUCK. '^9

Both the male and female Eider Ducks work in concert
in building their nest, laying a rather coarse foundation of
drift grass, dry ta>ngle, and sea-weed, which is collected in
some quantity. Upon this rough mattress the female spreads
a bed of the finest down, plucked from her own breast, and
by no means sparingly; but, as Brunnich informs us, heaping
it up, so as to form a thick roll quite round the nest.
When she is necessitated to go in quest of food after
beginning to sit, she carefully turns this roll of down over
the eggs to keep them warm till her return. Marten says
she mixes the down with moss; but as this is not recorded
by another observer, I think it is not a little doubtful,
particularly as in the localities chosen for nestling she would
find it no easy matter to procure moss. It is worthy of
remark, that though the Eider Duck lays only five or six
eggs, it is not uncommon to find more than even ten and
upwards in the same nest, occupied by two females, who live
togfether in perfect concord.

The quantity of down in each nest is said by Yon Troil
to be about half a pound, which by cleaning is reduced to
a half; by Pennant, who examined the Eiders' nests in the
Fern Islands, ofi" Northumberland, it is only estimated, when
cleaned, at three quarters of an ounce, and this was so
elastic as to fill the crown of the largest hat. The difference
of quality in these two accounts, theoretically ascribed by
the translator of Buffon to difference of climate, may have
arisen from the one being the first, and the other the second
or third nest of the mother Duck; for if the first nest be
plundered of the down, though she immediately builds a
second, she cannot furnish it with the same quantity as
before; and if forced to build a third time, having then
stript her breast of all she could spare, the male is said to
furnish what is wanting, which is known as being considerably
whiter than the female's. When the nest is not robbed, it
is said that he furnishes none.

The extraordinary elasticity of the down appears from what
I have already said of three quarters of an ounce filling a
large hat; and Pontoppidan says that two or three pounds
of it, though pressed into a ball which may be held in the
hand, upon being allowed to expand will fill the foot covering
of a large bed. It is worthy of notice, however, that it is
only the down taken from the nests which has this great
elasticity; for what is taken from the dead birds is much

40 EIDET^ DTJCK.

inferior, being, as Pontoppidan says, far from as light as
what the female plucks to form a bed for its young. It is
on this account that it is prohibited by the laws of Norway
to kill the Eiders for their down.'

The Eider Duck begins to pair in March, and to lay about
the beginning of the last week in May, that is to say, in
this country. Incubation lasts from three weeks to a month.
The male bird at this period leaves his mate, and repairs
to the open sea. The young, as soon as hatched, are led by
the dam to the water, and in some instances, it appears
certain that they must be carried by her in her bill. They
gradually venture out farther and farther till able entirely
to provide for themselves. Yon Troil says that the female
at first takes them on her back a little way, and then
dives, and leaves them to ^sink or swim.'

In England the Eiders build so far south as the Fern
Islands and Coquet Island. In one of the former the remains
of an old lighthouse appears to be a favourite resort, and
within the ruined and deserted w^alls several have been
accustomed to lay. They seem to prefer islands for the
purpose, but also make use of hollows in rocks on the
mainland, and sand-banks along the sea-shore. Great numbers
are frequently placed close together, so that it is hardly
possible to walk along them without treading on some.

With reference to what has been already stated, it seems
that the nest has at first only grass, lichens, or sea-weed for
its composition, but when all or nearly all the eggs are
laid, down, plucked by the female from herself, is daily
added, the quantity being then successively increased. If
the bird leaves her charge for a time, the eggs are carefully
covered over and concealed, either with down, or grass and
leaves, according as each has been supplied.

The eggs, of a light green colour, are usually five in
number, but not very unfrequently as many as eight or
even ten are found together, two birds having laid in the
same place. Both, it appears in that case, sit together in
an amicable manner.

Male; weight, six or seven pounds or over; length, two
feet to two feet one or two inches; bill, dull yellow, passing
towards the tip into dull green; the tooth yellowish white;
iris, dark brown. Forehead and head on the crown, velvet
black, with a reflection of purple, as far as the back of the
head, continuing in a line on each side; the remainder of

"EIDFTf T-rcK:. 41

the head is white, with the exception on the sides of two
light green marks. The feathers which compose this are of
a fine and silky texture, and capable of being raised so as
to form a sort of ruff. Neck in front, above white, below
pale buff; below the nape the feathers are pale green. Chin
and throat, white; breast above, white, with a tinge of
brownish yellow, below black, with the exception of one
white patch above and behind the legs. Back, white.

The wings expand to the width of about three feet; greater
and lesser wing coverts, white; primaries, dull black; secondaries,
dull black; tertiaries, white and elongated, drooping downwards,
the tips black. Tail, dusky greyish black; upper tail coverts,
black. Legs and toes, dull greenish yellow; webs, dusky black.

The female is of a pale brown colour, with a reddish tinge,
and mottled with marks of darker brown. Weight, between
five and six pounds; bill, deep greenish grey. Head, crown,
neck on the back, and nape, light reddish brown, streaked
with dusky. Chin, throat, and breast above, reddish brown,
barred with blackish, the latter is dark brown below with
dull transverse black bars. Back, reddish brown, barred with
black and grey.

The wings are crossed with two faint white bars; greater
and lesser wing coverts, black, edged with brown; primaries,
dull black. Tail, dull black; les^s and toes, deeu ^-reenish gfrev.

The young male at first resembles the female. In changing
their garb the first winter, Yarrell describes them as having
the bill greenish grey; head and neck mottled with two
shades of dark brown, with a few white feathers appearing
in different parts; the lower portion of the neck and the
upper part of the back mottled black and white, the wing
coverts and tertiaries becoming white, the rest of the plumage
black; the legs greenish grey.

Montagu says that these birds do not arrive at maturity,
and assume the pure white colour, till the third or perhaps
the fourth year. Mr. Selby also assigns the latter period.

In the first year the back is white, and the parts that
are usually so, except part of the crown and sides of the
head, and the lower part of the neck and breast, black.

In the second year the crown of the head is black, and
the neck and breast spotted with black and white.

In the third year they have a piebald appearance, the conse-
quence of the assumption of white on the back and scapulars.

By the fourth year the adult garb is acquired.

Other varieties have also been observed.

42

STELLER'S WESTERN DUCK.

WESTEEIf POCHAED. WESTEEX DUCBI.

Anas dispar, Tem^iinck.

FuUgula dlspar, Selby. Jenyns.

Polysticta Stellerif Eyton

Anas—K Duck. Z)i5par— Different;.

This Duck, first described by Steller, is a native of the
north of Europe, Asia, and America. A few have been killed
in Sweden and Denmark, as also in Germany. In the second-
mentioned continent it is found in Siberia and Kamtschatka,
and others of the boreal regions.

In Yorkshire one of these birds was shot at Filey, August
15th., 1845. In Norfolk, one, a male, at Caisted, near
Yarmouth, on the 10th. of February, 1830.

The places they inhabit are rocky coasts and the mouths
of rivers, belonging, as they do, to the class of those
kindred species which *in aquis degunt.'

They are said to assemble in flocks, and the male and
female to keep permanently together.

They fly with much ease and rapidity, and also swim and
dive well.

Their food is made up of the small fry of fish, sea-insects
and their larvae.

This species breeds, it is said, on high and steep rocks.

This is a bird of striking and handsome appearance. Male;
length, one foot seven inches; bill, brownish black, the tip
yellow; upon the forehead and between the upper mandible
and the eye is a pale green spot. From the base of the
lower mandible a blackish brown streak goes down to or
nearly to a broad collar of the same colour, which encircles
the neck and joins that of the back. Iris, pale brown; round

STELLEIl's TTESTEEN- DrCK. 43

the eje is a narrow circle of black, inclining also forwards
and backwards, forming a spot on the back of the head.
Head on the sides, crown, and the neck on the upper part,
white, forming a collar which is only infringed on by the
blackish brown of the chin. There is another pale green spot
afc the back of the head. The nape below the white is
black, and this colour also comes round the neck. Chin and
throat, rich blackish brown; breast above, white, on the middle
and lower part rich chesnut brown, darker on the latter,
passing into buff in front and on the sides just below the
point of the wing. Back, all along the middle part, black;
there is a black patch formed by the tips of the otherwise
white feathers.

Just above the joint of the wing is a black spot with
green reflections; lesser wing coverts, white; primaries, dusky
blackish brown; secondaries, partly white, the outer web
metallic blue, forming the speculum — the end portion white.
The tertiaries are long and pointed, white on the inner webs,
rich blue on the outer, and curved downwards, as are the
long scapulars, which are also marked like the four upper
tertiaries, namely, the narrow inner webs white, and the broader
outer ones rich blackish metalHc blue, and the shaft streak
white. Tail, dusky blackish brown, and rather more pointed
than in others of this genus; upper tail coverts, black, with
a tint of blue; under tail coverts, dark brownish black. Legs
and toes, olive green — the hind toe has a deep lobe; webs,
olive green.

The female has the bill olive black, the tooth yellow horn-
colour; greater wing coverts, dusky olive brown, tipped with
white; lesser wing coverts, dusky olive brown; primaries, dusky;
the secondaries also tipped with white, thus forming two bars
across the wing, between which is the speculum of rich chesnut
eolour. Of the tertiaries the three longest are dusky. Tail,
dusky. Legs and toes, pale bluish; claws, black; webs, blackish.

44(

KING DUCK

KIJfG EIDEE.

Anas spectahilisj Penxant. Montagu,

Somateria spectabilis, Fleming. Sklby.

Anas— A. Duck, ^tectabilis — Showy — handsome.

The King Duck is in Europe abundant in the extreme
north — at Spitzbergen and jSTova Zembla. It is not uncommon
on the coast of Norwa}^, as also in Sweden and Denmark
in severe winter weather.

In North America it is also plentiful about Hudson's Bay,
Labrador, and in other parts, and advances southward in
winter as far as New York; also in Greenland. It occurs
in Asia, namely, in Siberia and Kamtschatka.

With us it is of but rare occurrence. One specimen was
procured the first week in Januarj^, 1855, at Lowestoft, in
Norfolk; another, a female, had been shot on Breydon, near
Yarmouth, July 25th., 1813. In Suffolk, one was killed at
Aldborough. ■

In Ireland it is mentioned as extremely rare, but has
occurred. One of these birds was shot in 1850, by xlrthur
Dymoke Bradshaw, Esq., as he has informed me, I believe
on the Longrh of Belfast.

In Orkney it is a rare occasional visitant, and has been
known formerly to breed on Papa Westray.

This species frequents the open ocean, and also its bays,
inlets, and the mouths of rivers.

In the winter they do not go far south, but assemble.
according to the report of Captain James C. Ross, R.N., in
large flocks, the males by themselves, and the females with
tbe young, and often in the open sea, far distant from anj

I i

KING duce:. 45

land — 'a life on the ocean wave.' The down is almost as
much esteemed as that of the Eider Duck by the Greenlanders,
by whom also the bird is considered as an excellent one to
eat. ^The King Eider is usually sociable, and even neighbourly,
towards its congener, except during the breeding-season, when
the male bird is too irritable and quarrelsome to be endured
in company with the peaceful Eider: when one of this species
mingles among the encampment of the Eider Ducks, the
persons interested in their welfare are obliged to destroy it.'

They feed on Crustacea and marine insects.

The nest of the King Duck, placed on rocks near the
sea, is lined with the down of the female, and composed
externally of sea-weeds or sticks, with grass or mosses.

The eggs are of a pale green colour. They appear to be
from four to six in number. The male bird leaves the care
of them to the hen, and repairs to the sea.

In some parts of America, Wilson says that the nests
are so crowded together, that a person can scarcely walk
without treading on them.

Male; length, two feet and half an inch; bill, deep red,
the knob at the base, which is flat on the top and compressed
on the sides, but divided into two, the elevated parts veiveu
black, encircled with deep black, which colour is continued
through the eye, and surrounds a green triangular-shaped
mark, which proceeds from the base of the bill to below the
eye; the tooth is dull yellowish red; at the base of the upper
bill the feathers are light green, passing backwards on each
side of the neck and taking in half the eye, beneath which
and round to the chin the collar is dull white; iris, yellow.
Head on the crown and behind, pale bluish ash-colour, on the
sides green ; neck on the upper part, white, on the lower dull
yellow; nape, white; chin, white, with a small black streak
slanting back and downwards; throat, white. Breast above,
pale dull yellowish, below black — there is a round white spot
on the sides behind the legs. Back on the upper part of the
middle, white, the remainder black.

Greater wing coverts, black, with a white patch on the
middle, the shafts deep ferruginous, on each side of the outer
ones a patch of white; lesser wing coverts, white; primaries,
tlusky black, tinged with red on the inner webs; secondaries,
dusky black — they curve downwards over the quills. Ter-
tiaries, dusky black, with a green reflection; their ends, as
also the long scapulars, fall in a drooping manner over that

46 Kma DtrcK.

part of the wings; greaT:er under wing coverts, black; lesser
under wing coverts, black. Tail, duskj black — it is of a
wedge shape, and short; upper tail coverts, black; under tail
coverts, black. Legs and toes, dull yellowish red; webs,
darker yellowish red.

The female is less in size. Bill, greenish brown; the
protuberance at its base is not so large, nor so bright in
colour as in the male, and is nearly upright instead of hori-
zontal. The whole of the plumage is brown of two shades.
Head, crown, and neck, rather light brown of two shades.

The young male at first resembles the female. Later on,
the head and neck are described as dusky yellowish grey,
crowded with black spots; the feathers on all the upper parts
dull black, with yellowish brown edges; the breast yellowish
brown, spotted and barred with black. The full plumage is
said not to be acquired till the fourth year.

According to Captain Sabine the young birds do not acquire
the development on the bill till the fourth j^ear.

In some specimens there is a little white on the hind part
of the Head, and on the back.

%i

VELVET SCOTER.

TELYET duck:.

Anas fiisca^ Pennant. Mon tagit.

Oidemia fusca^ Fleming. Selby.

-4nas— A Duck. Fusca—A dark colour — brown.

The native regions of this Duck are the northern parts
of Europe, Asia, and America. It is numerous in Eussia and
Norway, and occurs also in Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Lapland,
Sweden, Denmark, Holstein, Holland, Pomerania, Grermanj,
France, Italy, and Switzerland. Thus again in Siberia and
Kamtschatka; as likewise in Labrador, Hudson's Bay and the
countries about it, stretching sometimes as far south as
Georgia.

They breed in ^central Norway on the lakes and ponds in
the vicinity of the sea; on the islands and between the rocks
of the bays of Bothnia and Finland; and are particularly
plentiful on the Lake Ladoga. The male and female appear
in pairs long before the breeding-season, and are apparently
inseparable.'

In Yorkshire, one was shot at Bentley, near Doncaster, by
the gamekeeper of Sir W. B. Cooke, Bart.; another on the
coast in the winter of 1851, as Mr. William Felkin, Junior,
of Carrington, near Nottingham, has informed me; it is
obtained occasionally on the moors near Huddersfield, at times
also, but seldom, near Burlington. In Oxfordshire, specimens
have been seen near Oxford in severe winters. In Berkshire,
one near Wargrave, in January, 1795. In Cornwall, the
ispecies has occurred near Falmouth, on the Eiver Truro, and
the Carrack road. One, a female, at Helford, December 4ith.,

48 TELYET SCOTEE.

1850. In Suffolk, a male bird was procured at Aldborougn,
in January, 1848, and a female on the River Orwell a few
days afterwards. One also off Felixstowe, as T. J. Wilkinson,'
Esq. has written we word. In Westmoreland, one, a male,
was shot on Windermere, on the 23rd. of May, 1848; a
female was observed about the same time. In Norfolk, they
are occasionally shot in hard winters, on the coast, but not
exclusively so; several were procured in the very severe one
of 1829-30. Devonshire is also given as a locality, if indeed
that may be called such' where the bird is not localized, and
is only of chance and sparse occurrence.

In Scotland it is not uncommon in the Frith of Forth.
They are common in Orkney, especially about Damsay Sound;
also in the Hebrides. In Shetland they are more rare.

They have occurred likewise in Ireland — near Dublin.

These birds keep about the mouths of large rivers and
other waters in the neighbourhood of the coast, retiring in
winter to the open sea, the 'Great Highway' not only for
those Svho go down to the sea in ships, and occupy their
business in great waters,' but for all those creatures of the
hand of the Lord who ^take their pastime therein,' both
'feathered fowls' and 'things creeping innumerable.'

These Ducks arrive in September, October, and November,
later or earlier according to the season, and begin to depart
northwards in March. Their migration is made during the
night-time.

They assemble in winter in small flocks of from three to
six, or larger ones of from ten or twelve to twenty, and are
for the most part not shy; single birds are at times seen.
The mother shews much anxiety about her young, if
approached.

They dive with great readiness even from the first, and
are pre-eminent in the exercise of the art, if that indeed can
be called an art, proficiency in which is innate, and not
acquired. All animals that can swim, do so naturally, and
without instruction, man being the only exception t6 the
rule. On the land they are awkward in their movements,
and walk but badly. Their flight is somewhat heavy if
made only for a short distance, but when more extended is
performed with greater speed.

Their food consists of mussels and other shell-fish, Crustacea,
worms, the fry of fish, and the buds and roots of difi'erent
water-plants.

YELYET SCOTEE. 40

Its note is a short squeak, by no means, says Audubon,
unpleasant to the ear.

They hatch, it is said, very late — seldom before the middle
of July.

Audubon writes of this species, that they 'begin to form
their nests from the 1st. to the 10th. of June. The nests
are placed within a few feet of the borders of small ^akes, a
mile or two distant from the sea, and usually under the
low bouo^hs of the bushes, of the twiD:s of which, with
mosses and various plants matted together, they are formed.
They are large and almost flat, several inches thick, with
some feathers of the female, but no down.' They are also
found on hummocks, or in long grass among willow swamps.

The eggs are usually six, but sometimes eight or ten in
number, of a uniform pale cream-colour, tinged with green.
The males leave the females after incubation has commenced.

A pair had bred on the same water for six or seven years
in succession. The young did not quit the pond until they
were able to fly; as soon as that is the case the mother
bird escorts them to the sea.

Male; weight, about three pounds two ounces; length, one
foot ten or eleven inches. The bill, which is broad, is yellowish
orange margined with black, the base of the upper mandible
raised into a knob, also black on the upper part; the tip of
the nail darker orange than the remainder. Iris, pale yel-
lowish white; behind, and rather lower than the eye, is an
angular space of pure white; the eyelids are also white, the
eye small. The head, which is large, on the crown, and the
neck, nape, chin, and throat, dull black; breast, black; back,
intense velvet black.

The wings, which have the first quill the longest, are crossed
by a white bar; with this exception, the whole of the re-
mainder of the plumage the same, namely, the greater wing
coverts, which are tipped with white, are otherwise, as the
lesser wing coverts, primaries, secondaries, with the exception
of the white tips, tertiaries, greater and lesser under wing
coverts, tail, of fourteen feathers and short, and the tail
coverts — also intense velvet black. Legs, scarlet red on the
inner part, and red with a tinge of oiangi ol the outer the
joints are stained with black; toes, orange red, claws black
webs, dark brownish black.

The female is not so large as the mai.-. Bih, dusky, the,
knob at its base is much less than in tht luiiic, between it
VOL. vu, E

50 VELTET SCOTER.

and the eye, and behind the eye, are greyish white spots.
Forehead and the sides of the head below the eye, dull
brownish; crown, neck, and nape, dark brownish, the tips of
the feathers lighter; throat, white marked with dusky specks;
breast, ash-coloured brown, streaked and spotted with dusky
brown; back, dusky brownish black, the tips of the feathers
paler. Primaries, deep brown; the secondaries are tipped with
white. Tail, hoary brown. Legs and toes, yellowish red.

The young m.ale has from the first the white spot over
the eye; there is also a small white patch under the chin.
The whole of the remainder of the plumage, or to speak
more strictly, the down, is of a black colour. There is a
general resemblance to the female, and the feet, according to
Audubon, first begin to shew their brilliant colour.

61

COMMON SCOTES.

BLACK SCOTEB. WHILK.

Anas nigra, Pennant. .Montagu,

" cinerascenSf Bechstrin.

Oidemia nigra, Fleming. Selbt.

Anas—X Duck. iVi^ra —Elack.

I]N" Europe the Scoter ranges in its geographical distribution
from Denmark, Lapland, Finland, and Russia, to Holland,
France, and Italy.

In America, from the northern parts to the United States.
It occurs also in Asia, in Siberia, and Kamtschatka.

It breeds in Iceland, but not in any great numbers.

It is found along the shores, especially of rocky coasts, and
though compelled to leave these for a time, while engaged
with its nest and eggs, it even then keeps to the vicinity
of such, in the choice which it makes of a temporary home
in some adjacent lake, pond, or bog.

This bird has been obtained in Yorkshire, near Doncaster,
in severe winters, also in the neighbourhood of York, Selby,
and Burlington, and on the moors about Huddersfield. In
July, 1834, a very large iiock appeared on the waters in
Bretton Park, near Barnsley, and great numbers of them
were procured. A specimen was shot on a small stream quite
in the town of Louth, Lincolnshire, and at least a dozoi
miles from the sea, in the year 1850, by the Eev. William
Marsden, as the Rev. R. P. Alington has told me. In Corn-
wall it has been obtained on the River Truro, and Carrack
road, and one was found dead on the beach at Flushing. In
Hampshire they have been seen near Christchurch, and about
the Isle of Wight.

52 COMMON SCOTER.

In Oxfordshire these birds are very frequently seen in the
winter; flocks have also occurred in Cambridgeshire. In
Suffolk a specimen occurred at Beccles, in February, 1848;
and another was met with on the coast. They frequent
Windermere, Westmoreland, every year. Fourteen were seen,
and two of them shot the first week in July, 1848. In
Norfolk they are common in some winters about Yarmouth,
and occasionally occur inland. The young bird has been
noticed by the Messrs. Paget, and others, in June and July.
In Surrey one was shot on the canal at Farnham, on the
2nd. of November, 1844. In Wiltshire, one on the ornamental
water at Stourhead, the seat of Sir Richard Colt Hoare,
Bart., a distance of twenty miles from the sea.

In Orkney the Scoter is not very common as a winter
visitant. One was shot in Sanday, in the winter of 1848-9,
by W. Strang, Esq.

In Ireland it occasionally occurs. So also in South Wales,
from whence Colonel Montagu received some specimens.

Meyer says, *The adult males leave the breeding places
about the end of July; the young birds migrate in August,
and the greater numbers of intermediate ages and the females
follow soon after; thus the larger flights arrive in September
and October. By the latter end of March, and the beginning
of April, the northern migration takes place.' On these
occasions they fly in a slanting line.

They assemble at times in immense flocks, and cover the
surface of the sea to a great extent. Considerable numbers
are taken now and then in the nets of fishermen. They are
difficult to be approached.

This species dives in an admirable manner, and is able to
keep under water for a more than ordinary length of time.
It resorts to this mode of escape, if pursued, in preference
to taking wing.

*Its flight is tolerably quick, sometimes very high in the
air, and always accompanied with considerable noise, produced
by the beatings of its wings. On alighting it skims the
surface for some distance.' It may more frequently be seen
flying at a low elevation above the surface of the water, and
straight forward, from one spot to another. It walks in a
siumsy manner, and in a rather upright position, so as to
preserve the ^balance of power.'

The food of these birds consists of Crustacea, mollusca,
mussels and other smaller shell -fish, and sea insects.

COMMOT?^ SCOTEB. 53

^he note of this Duck is rough and grating. That of the
male has been likened to the monosyllables 'tu, tu, tu,' and
that of the female to ^ra, ra, ra.'

The nest of this Duck is described as being placed by the
side of water in the most unfrequented situations, often far
inland among brushwood or on stony ground; and made of
grasses, twigs, and the dry leaves and the stalks of plants
under the shelter of a willow or birch, or in a tuft of her-
bage, the down of the bird itself being made use of for
linin g.

After the female has laid, the male birds collect together
in flocks, and repair to the coast.

The eggs are from five or six, to seven or eight, or nine,
in number; — Thieneman says as many as ten, of a pale buff
colour, tinged with green.

Male; weight, about two pounds nine ounces; length, one
foot six inches, or over; bill, black, and grooved along the
edges, where it is broad and flat. There is a knob of the
same colour at the base of the upper mandible, and a space
along the ridge of orange yellow. The rim round the eye
is of the same colour. Iris, dusky brown. Head, black, with
a tinge of glossy purple blue; crown, neck, nape, chin, throat,
breast, and back, black.

The wings, which are short, have the second quill feather
the longest. The first is strongly notched at about half its
length. Greater and lesser wing coverts, primaries, secondaries,
tertiaries, greater and lesser under wing coverts, tail, of six-
teen sharp-pointed feathers and wedge-shaped, the middle ones
being the longest, all, as also the tail coverts, black. Legs
and toes, dusky reddish black; webs, nearly quite black.

The female has the bill dusky black; the knob scarcely
raised. Head on the sides, paler than the rest; crown, neck,
and nape, blackish brown, the edges of the feathers being of
a lighter hue; chin and throat, greyish white. Breast, paler
brown than the upper parts, and the feathers of a silky
texture; back, black brown, the feathers edged with a paler
shade. The greater and lesser wing coverts have also the
edges a little lighter; under tail coverts, dark brown. Legs
and toes, brown, with a tinge of green; webs, almost black.

The young resemble the female at first. Towards the
winter, the sides of the head, neck in front, and on the sides,
and chin, dull greyish white. The breast mottled with brown
and white. The orange on the bill shews itself by decrees.

54

SURF SCOTER.

Anas perspicillaia, Temminck.

Oidemia perspicillatay FLEMING. SelbT.

Anas — A Duck, Ftrspicillata — ?

The Surf Scoter belongs to the cold north, but the Arctic
winter is too severe even for it, and it makes its way south-
wards at that season, and comes down so far as Florida, by
Labrador, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Hudson's Bay, Baffin's
Bay, Newfoundland, and the other intermediate districts of
the American continent.

In Europe it occm^s on the Norwegian and Swedish coasts;
and one, a female, was found on the Ehine. Individuals have
also occurred in Switzerland and France.

In Cornwall one was found near Pendennis Castle, Falmouth,
in the winter of 1845.

In Scotland an individual was shot in Musselburgh Bay,
in the spring of 1852. Others also on the Frith of Forth;
and in ^The Naturalist,' old series, volume iii, page 420,
mention is made of the occurrence of a specimen.

In Shetland one was seen in Eona's Voe, by Mr. Eobert
Dunn, in June, 1847. In Orkney Surf Scoters appear in
small flocks in the sounds during winter.

In Ireland a specimen was obtained near Belfast.

The Surf Scoter in summer resorts to the mouths of rivers,
and fresh-water lakes in the neighbourhood of the sea, but
this only for the purpose of rearing its young, for at other
times, as its name conveys, it is a bird of the sea, and deHghts
to float among the heaviest breakers of the 'rolling deep,'
over which it makes its way with buoyant ease.

These birds arrive in October, and remain till the end of
March.

STJEF SCOTEE.

55

They assemble both in small and large flocks, and are said
to be shy in their habits, and not easily approached.

They feed on mussels and. other small shell-fish, and also on
the shoots of water-plants, grasses, and flags.

Their cry is described by Audubon as rough, uncouth, and
guttural.

The nest of this species, placed on the coasts of inland
seas, and by the borders of lakes, is formed of dry and withered
weeds, flags, and grasses, in the midst of a hummock, or tuft
of grass. The down of the bird itself serves for the lining.
The hollow of the interior is said by Audubon to be six
inches across, by two and a half in depth.

The eggs are four, ^yq, or six in number, and of an oval
shape; their colour pale yellowish or cream white.

The males are said to leave the females till the young are
able to fly.

Male; length, one foot nine inches; bill, orange yellow, with
a knob at the base of the upper mandible of vermiMon red^
on each side of it a patch of black and of silver grey; iris,
pale yellowish or cream white; on the forehead is an angular
white patch; crown, neck, and nape, glossy black, with the
exception of another white patch on the last named, brought
down from the back of the head. Chin, throat, breast, and
back, glossy black.

The wings have the first and second quill feathers of nearly
equal length, and the longest in the wing, but the first rather
the longest. Greater and lesser wing coverts, primaries,
secondaries, tertiaries, greater and lesser under wing coverts,,
tail, of fourteen feathers, and the tail coverts, glossy black.
Legs and toes, yellowish or reddish orange; webs, brownish
black.

The female is dusky brown; bill, yellowish grey, the promi*
nence at its base is small, and of a dusky colour. The patch
on the forehead is pale brown, as is the other on the nape;
the sides of the head paler brown than the remainder of the
plumage. Crown, neck, and nape, sooty brown, the latter
paler than the other parts. Chin, throat, and breast, also
rather light sooty brown. Back, greater and lesser wing
coverts, primaries, secondaries, tertiaries, srreater and lesser
under wing coverts, tail, and tail coverts, sooty brown. Legs
and toes, greyish brown.

56

EED-CRESTED WHISTLING DUCK.

EED-CRESTED DUCK. EED-CRESTED POCHAED.

Anas rufina^ Tkmminck.

Fuligula rufina, Gould. Selby.

Mergoides rufina^ Eyton.

Anas—k Duck. Rufina. Rufus — Eed.

This curious-looking bird is a native of the south-eastern
parts of Europe, and the middle and eastern portions of Asia.
In the former it is plentiful in Italy, especially in the south,
Dalmatia, the south of France, Switzerland, Austria, G-ermany,
Turkey, Greece, and Hungary, in which last it is said most
frequently to breed, and in the latter occurs in Persia,
Himalaya, and the Dukkun, in India, the south of Siberia,
Tartary, and about the Caspian Sea. Specimens were also
procured from the north of Africa by Sir Thomas Reade,
and from Barbary, in the same region, by Shaw.

Its natural resorts are fresh-water la,kes, rivers, ponds, pools,
and bogs, whether with or without the accompaniment of the
native forest, and to these it keeps, preferring the water to
the land. It appears to be but rarely seen on the sea-coast,
as not sharing with others of its tribe in a natural predi-
lection for *the Sea! the Sea! the open Sea!'

The first occurrence of this species in England was at
Boston, in Lincolnshire, where a male was shot in the month
of January, 1826; it was at the time in company with some
"Wigeons. Several more were procured the same winter; some
of them in the London markets. Mr. E. Newman, in the
'Zoologist,' p. 4166, records the occurrence of another example
at Boston, in Lincolnshire, in January, 1854. One was shot

^^
ta

o

I

p

BED-CEESTED WHTSTLTXa -DUCK:. 57

^— — hr-Cofnw^V at Swanpool, near Falmouth, in February, 1845.
Another of thes& iirds was shot at Horsea Mere, in Norfolk,
on the 12th. of January, 18M; one also at Yarmouth, in
the same county. In Essex, one was met with near Colchester.
In Kent, a flock of eighteen appeared near Erith, on the
estate of the Hon. W. T. T. Fiennes, and one of them, a
female, was procured. Mr. W. Brooks Grates, of Derngate,
Northampton, has informed me of the occurrence of a specnnen
in that lordship, in January, 1853.

They appear, so to speak, to be far from shy in their wild
state. In their habits they are sociable among themselves,
and consort closely together in flocks.

They fly well, and swim and dive with great dexterity.

Their food is said to be composed of water-plants, small
frogs, the fry of fish, insects, and Crustacea; the last-named
sought and found by diving or dipping the head under water.

Their note is described as hoarse — in unison with their
name, which is not euphoneous.

The nest of this bird may be termed a bed of rushes.

The eggs are stated to be six or seven in number, and of
a uniform olive brown colour.

^The young are able to fly about the beginning of July;
the female is much attached to her young, but the male
leaves the nursery as soon as the female begins to sit.'

Male; length, one foot nine or ten inches; the bill is of a
very rich vermilion red colour, the nail also red, but paler; iris,
bright red. A crest of long elongated feathers of a silky
texture and dull yellow colour surmounts the crown; head on
the sides and neck on the upper part, rich chesnut brown
with a tinge of rose red; nape and lower part of the neck,
dark brownish black. Breast, rich dark blackish brown, the
feathers on the sides edged with dusky brown and white; back,
pale greyish or yellowish brown, with a spot on the sides, on
the upper part near the neck, of white, tinged with rose red.
The white patches are tinted, while the bird is living, with
a most delicate and beautiful rose-colour. The same is the
case with the other white parts of the plumage, but the tinge
is more faint.

The wings have a white patch at the joint; the first quill
feather is the longest; greater and lesser wing coverts, greyish
or yellowish brown; primaries, at the base, white tinged with
rose-colour, the remainder greyish brown; the secondaries have
the outer webs white, thus furming the speculum, which is

68 EEB-CRESTED WHISTLINa DUCK:.

white with a roseate tinge, and edged with slate-colour;
tertiaries, greyish or yellowish brown. The tail, pale greyish
brown; upper tail coverts, dark brownish black with a reflec-
tion of green. Legs and toes, vermilion red; webs, dusky
black.

In the female the bill is brownish red, and therefore not so
bright-coloured as in the male; the crest is wanting in
development. Head on the sides, dull brownish white; forehead
and crown, dark brown; neck on the back and nape, brown;
on the sides the neck is greyish or brownish white; throat,
also dull brownish white; breast above, yellowish or reddish
brown, some of the feathers edged with a paler shade; on the
middle part greyish or brownish white; back, pale yellowish
or rufous brown, some of the feathers edged with a lighter
colour. The wings have the shoulder greyish white; primaries,
dusky; the speculum on the secondaries is greyish white.
Tail, yellowish brown. Legs and toes, reddish brown.

In the young male the bill is bright vermilion red, the
tooth white; iris, bright vermilion red; head on the sides, light
chesnut, the feathers elongated towards the future crest; neck,
chesnut; neck behind lower down, and nape, dark brown; breast
below, light brown; back above, light brown; over the shoulder
of the wing is a white patch. The wings underneath are white,
with a faint tinge of pink; greater and lesser wing coverts,
greyish brown; the primaries are dusky at the tip and on the
edges; the shafts and part of the remainder white; the
speculum is white. Tail, grey brown; upper tail coverts, dark
brown; under tail coverts, also dark brown. Legs and toes,
orange; the webs black.

59

POCHARD.

BED-HEADED POCHAED. CO^nLOl^ POCHAED. POCHAED DUCK.
DrN DIED, (eEMALE.) EED-HEADED ^^IGEOIS".

Anas ferina, Pennant. Montagtj.

Fuhgula ferina, Selby. Jbnyns.

Nyroca ferina, Fleming.

Anas — A Duck. Ferina — .'t

The species of bird before us extends its geographical range
over a great portion of the continents of Europe and Xorth
America, going as far south in the last-named as Louisiana
and Carolina; and is very plentiful in the States of Illinois,
Indiana, Ohio, and Kentucky. Thej breed in the Fur Countries
in the extreme north. Many likewise in various parts of
Germany, Eussia, and Holland. Some also, apparently, in
France. They are taken too in Italy, and are found in
Denmark and Sweden. In Asia the species occurs, namely,
in India. It is recorded to have been met with in Africa — -
in Egypt.

In England it is, or used to be, the most abundant, in
Lincolnshire and Norfolk, but the drainage of the fens has
made a great difference in its numbers. It is seen still on
Croxby Lake, and elsewhere.

It haunts inland lakes, I'ivers, brooks, ponds, and ditches,
whose banks afford a shelter of alders, willows, reeds, and rushes,
and other trees and plants, and ai^^o frequents the sea-coast.

The Pochard breeds in considerable numbers at Hornsea
Mere, in front of Wassand, the seat of the late Eev. Charles
Constable, in Yorkshire. It is met with in many parts of the
county, more or less commonly, as about Doncaster, York,

so POCHAED.

Leeds, Sheffield, Hebden Bridge, Barnsley, and Burlington. It
occurs more or less frequently in Northamptonshire, the Hon.
T. L. Powys has informed me. In Cornwall Mr. Cocks quotes
it as common in the market at Falmouth, January 19th., 1850.
In Oxfordshire they are very frequently seen in the winter;
so also in Cambridgeshire and Norfolk, and have been known
to breed in the latter county, at Scoulton Mere. In Derbyshire
they have occurred on the Trent; also in Durham. In Surrey
fifty or more have been seen at Grodalming.

In Orkney they abound on the Loch of Scaill, and various
other sheets of water in divers parts. In 1831 one was shot
in Sanday, so late as the 28th. of June. It seemed, however,
to be a solitary bird. I quote, as in so many instances, from
the ^Natural History of Orkney,' published by Dr. W. B.
Baikie, and Mr. Eobert Heddle.

In Ireland they are common.

In Scotland, Sir William Jardine has shot one or two in
Dumfriesshire, and they are frequently on sale in the market
at Edinburgh.

They frequent fresh-water lakes, marshes, and rivers, as also
the mouths of the latter when they join the sea, and the
<joast.

The Pochard is a winter visitor to us, arriving in October
and November. The northern migration is carried on, it is
asserted, during the month of March.

During the day-time these Ducks keep to the sea, and
towards night come in to the streams. They are to a con-
siderable degree marine birds. They are in much estimation
for the table, but when they have fed by the sea lose the
flavour which they otherwise are considered to possess.

They swim, like other birds of their class, with great speed,
and dive with much expertness, keeping for a long time
beneath the surface. They seem to lie rather deep in the
water. They fly with tolerable quickness, but with some
-exertion, the wings being moved with short and quickly-
repeated strokes. They go in a body, and not in a straight
or diverged line. On the dry land they make indifferent
progress.

Their food consists of the stems, shoots, roots, seeds, blossoms,
And leaves of various water-plants, obtained by diving and
otherwise, as also of tadpoles and young frogs, lizards, the
fry of fish, insects, Crustacea, and mollusca.

Mr. Yarrell mentions that when these Ducks are not excited

POCnAED. 61

or alarmed, their note is a low whistle, but that at other
times it is a rough croak.

Meyer sajs, 'about the end of April the Eed-headed Pochards
pair; there are no quarrels between the male birds, for the
female is said to choose her own mate; and the pair remain
inseparable, and do not quit the spot until the young brood
are hatched and ready to follow them towards the larger
lakes, etc., where they consider them out of danger.'

The nest of the Pochard is made among rushes or other
coarse herbage, and is lined with feathers. Many nests are
placed near each other, in suitable localities, such as osier
beds or grassy places.

The eggs are from eight or ten to twelve or thirteen in
number, and of a buff white colour.

The Pochard bred, in the year 1855, in the gardens of
the Zoological Society, as Frederick Bond, Esq. has written
me word.

Male; weight, one pound thirteen ounces; length, about
one foot seven inches and a half; bill, greyish blue across,
black at the tip and about the base; iris, reddish or yellowish
orange. Head on the sides and crown, deep glossy chesnut
brown; neck in front, shading into deep brownish black on
the breast; nape, brownish black. Breast above, deep brownish
black, and on the sides dark dusky grey, marked with waved
darker lines; and below the same, but paler. Back on the
upper part, brownish black; on the middle and lower part,
fine greyish white, with black waved pencillings.

The wings expand to the width of nearly thirty inches; the
first quill feather is the longest; greater wing coverts, bluish
grey; lesser wing coverts, greyish white, but darker and
pencilled across with black; primaries, dark dusky brown,
ended with darker brown; secondaries, bluish grey, tinged
with brown, and narrowly tipped with white; tertiaries,
freckled over with fine pencillings of grey, on a white ground.
Tail, dusky greyish; it consists of fourteen feathers; upper
tail coverts, nearly black; under tail coverts, black. Legs
and toes, greyish blue; webs, bluish black, and large in size.

The female has the bill black; iris, brown; head on the
crown, and neck on the back, sides, and nape, dusky greyish
^rown, with some ferruginous. The lower part of the neck
in front is dark brown, with a tint of dark red. Chin and
throat, pale greyish white, with an admixture of reddish
brown. Breast above, dark reddish brown, the edges of the

62 POCHARD,

feathers mottled with reddish white. There are soift6 hrown
spots on the sides; below the breast is greyish white clouded
with brown. Back on the upper part, reddish brown; under
tail coverts, dark grey.

In the young male the black on the breast does not appear
till the second year. Previously the plumage resembles that
of the adult female.

Mr. Selby describes a variety shot on the Northumberland
coast, in which the head and neck were bright reddish orange,
passing into reddish white upon the crown; the breast very
pale brown, with a silky lustre; all the rest of the body
greyish white, with numerous very fine zigzag lines of a
darker shade; the quills and tail pale greyish white. Legs
and toes, ash grey, with the webs darker.

Sir William Jardine mentions another variety which was
of a pale tint of cream-colour, yet having all the colours
marked in their particular places.

A variety of Duck, a male, of a kind supposed at the time,
by W. H. Fisher, Esq., and Mr. Yarrell, to be a hybrid
between the Pochard and the Ferruginous Duck, and described
as such by the former accordingly in the 'Zoologist,' volume
iii, pages 437-8, and afterwards, as hereafter mentioned, as a
new species, under the title of 'Fuligula ferinoides,' or Paget's
Pochard, but since considered, by Frederick Bond, Esq., to
be intermediate between the Pochard and the Scaup, was
obtained on Rollesby Broad, near Yarmouth, on the 27th. of
February, 1849. The following is the description of it: — ■

Iris, yellowish white; head, crown, and neck, rich chesnut;
the feathers on the lower part of the breast changing from
yellowish brown to freckled. Back, freckled. The wings
longer than those of the Pochard; the feathers of the axillary
plume freckled at the end; greater and lesser wing coverts,
freckled.

Subsequently a second specimen, similar to the before-
mentioned one, was purchased by Mr. Bartlett, in the market,
London, and this was described by Mr. Yarrell, under the
name of the American Scaup, 'Fuligula mariloides,' of Vigors,
who considered that there might prove to be two American
species; the one the British Scaup, though a smaller bird
there than here, and the other a larger species, also known
and alluded to by Dr. Richardson, Swainson, and Sir William
Jardine, in a note to his edition of Wilson. I believe, how-
ever, that American birds of our kinds are uniformly larger

POCHARD. (33

than with us, and I should therefore rather look for a second
species in the smaller sort spoken of.

A third specimen was also obtained in Leadenhall market,
by Mr. Henry Doubleday. This was at first imagined to be
of the same species as Mr. Yarrell's American Scaup, but was-
then considered, by Mr. W. E. Fisher, as a new one, and was
figured and described by him under the name of Pao-et's
Pochard, Tuhgula ferinoides,' in the 'Zoologist.' The foliowino-
is the description, as given by Mr. Fisher: — « ^

*The specimen of this bird which I have mentioned to be
in the possession of Mr. H. Doubleday, and which is repre-
sented in the foreground of the cut at the head of this
paper, is supposed to be in the adult dress, and has the bill
black at the point and at the base, the remaining portion
being pale blue; the irides yellowish white; the head and
upper part of the neck of a rich and very deep chesnut,
finely glossed with purple; the lower part of the neck and
breast, black; in the younger birds the neck almost wants
the purple gloss, and is of a lighter colour, the breast beino-
also at first not much darker than the neck; the back and
wing coverts are minutely freckled with greyish white on a
black ground; the sides and flanks, both under and below
the wmgs, are in the immature bird like the back, but in
the adult lighter, the freckling being produced, as in the
back of the Common Pochard, by lines of black on a white
ground; the back and wing coverts are also darker in the
immature than in the adult bird, and are tinged with vellowish
brown; wmg coverts, very dark brown, slightly powdered with
greyish white; the primaries, light brown, broadly edo-ed xvi^h
dark brown, except the first, which has the whole" of the
outer and great part of the inner web dark brown; all the
visible part of the secondaries, white, sHghtly powdered with
grey, and forming a white bar across the wing; about a quarter
of an inch near the ends of these feathers is black, and the
tips are white in the immature bird, but in the adult the
white IS hardly visible; at both ages the uppermost feathers
of the speculum are of a more uniform grey than the lower •
and more or less edged with black; the rump and uiDper
tail coverts, black, this colour being spread over a much
greater extent in the adult than in the immature bird- on
the chin IS a small triangular spot of vellowish white-' the
lower part of the breast and belly, in the immature specimen,
yellowish brown mixed with light grey, and slightlv freckled

64 POCHAED.

with black; the yellow colour giving place to the grey, and

the part becoming darker as the bird attains maturity; the
feathers about the vent are in the immature birds white at
the sides, and freckled with dark grey in the centre, the
youngest bird also exhibiting in this part a good deal of
yellowish brown; in the adult entirely of dark grey; the
legs and toes, dark bluish grey; the webs and claws, black.
The total length of Mr. Bartlett's bird was seventeen inches-
and a half.

This species may be distinguished from 'Fuligula ferina'
externally, by its smaller size; the much smaller space occupied
by the black colour at the base of the bill; the yellowish
colour of the irides; the greater extent of the dark colour
on the breast, which reaches further both upwards and
downwards, than in the common species, and is, I think, at
no age in such strong contrast with the colour of the neck
and head, and by the purple tint and finer texture of the
neck and breast feathers, by the white bar on the wing,
and by the much darker tint of the freckled parts.

Internally, the eye, when removed from the head, was, in
Mr. Gurney's bird, found to be considerably larger than that
of 'Fuligula ferina.'

Mr. Fisher, however, has recently, in a letter to me, ex-
pressed his doubt whether the bii'd is not a variety between
two species, and such I think it to be. I have endeavoured
to give a concise and clear view of the different accounts
and opinions, which, at first sight, must seem to a casual
reader to be somewhat confused. It appears on the whole
to be concluded that the supposed new species must be
assigned to the 'Index Expurgatorius.'

O
D
P

m

O

1— I

CD
[5^

65

F ERRUGINOUS DUCK,

WHITE-EYED DUCK. BED DUCK. CASTANEOUS DUCK.

Anas ferruginea, Pennant. Montagu.

Fuligula nyroca, Selby. Jenyns.

Nyroca leucopthalmay Fleminq-.

Anas — A Duck. Feriuginea — Ferruginous — rust-coloureu

fe Europe this Duck is found principally in the eastern parts,
namely, in Russia, Italy, and Hungary, but also in Iceland,
Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Spain, France, Holland, and Swit-
zerland, though only rarely in the latter-named country. In
Asia it also occurs in Persia and India; and in Africa in Nubia
and Egypt.

It attaches itself for the most part to the sequestered parts
of fresh-water lakes and rivers, and at times to the bays and
estuaries of the sea.

In Yorkshire a Ferruginous Duck was taken in a decoy in
Coatham Marsh, near E,edcar, by the mouth of the Tees, on
the 17th. of March, 1850.

Mr. Chaffey, of Dodington, Kent, has mformed me that
one was killed off the coast near Dover, in the winter of
1849-50. In Oxfordshire a bird of this species was shot at
Cornwell, near Chipping Norton, December the 8rd., 1847.
A pair were killed near Oxford, in the year 1832; another
pair subsequently. In Suffolk one was shot on the coast early
in April, 1848. In Norfolk one, a male, was shot by the
Meer, Great Yarmouth, on the 16th. of April, 1850. It has
occurred in that neighbourhood in a few rare instances. A

VOL. VII. F

66 PEBETJGiNOTJs dtjcb:.

specimen was purchased in the Cambridge market. Several
have been bought in London.

This bird has been observed in Orkney, though very rarely.
In Scotland Sir William Jardine procured one, but only one,
in the Edinburgh market.

In September and October this Pochard migrates southward,
and returns in March and April.

The present species is kept well in confinement, if provided
with water. It is reported to be very good to eat.

It swims with the greatest expertness, and dives equally
well, remaining a long time below the surface. In flight it
is somewhat heavy. It generally flies low, except when on
its migration.

It feeds in the mornings and evenings, and at night, if
there be moonlight, the roots, buds, shoots, and seeds of
various water-plants composing its food, together with frogs,
water-insects, and the fry of fish.

The note is a 'curr, curr.'

This Duck, like the others of its kindred, builds its nest
near rivers, ponds, and marshes. It is placed among, and
composed of, reeds, and other such materials. The male bird
leaves the female soon after she has begun to sit. The nest
is well supplied with down from the breast of the parent
mother, as a lining.

The eggs of this species are white, with a slight tinge of
green, and nine or ten in number. They are laid by the
beginning of June, and are hatched in twenty-two or twenty-
three days.

As Frederick Bond, Esq. has informed me, the Ferruginous
Duck bred in the year 1854i, in the gardens of the Zoological
Society, London; and that it paired in that or the preceding
year with the Tufted Duck.

The female conducts her brood to the water as soon as
hatched, and there provides them for the present with food.

Male; length, one foot four inches to one foot four and
a half; bill, dark bluish grey, the tooth dusky; iris, white;
the head, which is small, and neck, deep chesnut red: this
is succeeded by a band of darker colour, or blackish brown,
which, about the nape, runs into the colour of the back.
Cliin, partly white, dull in colour; throat and breast on the
upper part, bright ferruginous, the latter below yellowish
white or white, the sides dusky with broad pale grey or
ferruginous brown edges; back, dusky blackish brown, with

FEEETTGrN-OTis dtjck:. 67

a gloss of green and purple finely powdered or speckled with
reddish brown.

The wings have the first qnill feather the longest; greater
wing coverts, white at the base, forming a bar across the
wing, and otherwise rather light dusky bro\vn, glossed with
:green and purple, and finely speckled with reddish brown;
lesser wing coverts, rather light dusky brown, glossed with
•green and purple, and finely speckled with reddish brow^n;
primaries, dusky blackish bro\vn glossed with green, part of
the inner webs white, and the bases; secondaries, black at
the ends, the remainder, including the speculum, white, below
it a black band edged with greyish white; tertiaries, dusky
brown glossed with green and purple, finely speckled with
reddish brown. The tail, of fourteen feathers, is dusky brownish
black, with a faint tingle of ferrus^inous^ — it is slio'htl? wedge-
shaped; upper tail coverts, dusky ferruginous black, which
•colour comes downwards on the sides, distinctlv contrastinof
with the white of these parts; under tail coverts, white,
shewing a triangular-shaped spot. Legs and toes, which are
rather large, dusky browmish grey, the middle toe is rather
longer than the outer one; claws, black; webs, dusk}^

In the summer change of plumage the male resembles the
female, but is somjewhat brighter-plumaged, the spots not so
large, and more on the white of the breast.

The female, rather less in size than the ma"'e, and her
colours less pure, especially the chesnut and white on the
breast, has the bill blackish grey; iris, not so distinctly white;
head, crown, and neck, dark brown, with edgings of reddish
or chesnut browm to the feathers, the sides of the head the
brightest coloured; the ring round the neck is indistinct; the
white on the chin is less extended than in the male. The
breast above, brown, the feathers margined with pale chesnut
brown, lower down mottled all over with dusky and pale
brown, below white, on the sides and flanks yellowish brown;
back above, deep glossy dusky brown, with paler edgings to
the feathers, below dull white. The ridge of the wings is
white; primaries, greenish black at the ends, light-coloured
towards the base; secondaries, white, tipped with greenish
black, thus exhibiting the speculum. Tail, blackish brown;
the upper tail coverts do not descend to the sides with the
black markings; under tail coverts, white. Legs and toes,
blackish grey.

The young is of duller tints, the upper parts being of two

68 ^ FEREUGINOrS DUCK.

shades of brown, and the lower dusky brownish grey; b}
degrees, however, it appears *in propria persona.'

The plate is from a beautiful drawing taken from life by
John GatcombQ. Esq., of Wyndham Place, Plymouth.

€3

SCAUP.

SCAUP dijce:. scaup pochard.

Anas mmila, Pennant. Montagu.

Fuitgula marila, Selby. Jenyns.

Nyroca marila, Fleming-.

Anas — A Duck. Marila — ?

The native countries of this species are those portions of
the three continents of the old world, which, under the name
of the Arctic regions, belong to the frozen north. Prom
these it comes southward in the autumn, to meet a milder
winter. To the former category belong Baffin's Bay, Hudson's
Bay, the Bay of Fundy, G-reenland, Iceland, Siberia, Lapland,
Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Eussia, and to the latter the
United States, and Mexico, Holland, France, Germany, Italy,
and Switzerland: in America it is likemse found on the
large rivers — the Ohio, Missouri, and Mississippi.

Their preference is for the sea-coast, especially where of a
low and muddy character, and from this it advances into
lochs near it, estuaries, and the tidal parts of rivers. This
remark, however, must only be taken as applying to the
winter half of the year. They breed in different parts of
Scandinavia, as v/ell as farther north.

They are with us regular visitants to such parts of the
coast as are suitable to their habits.

In Yorkshire the Scaup Duck has been shot near Doncaster,
York, Huddersfield, Barnsley, Sheffield, and Sutton-upon-Der-
went, and is, on the whole, a not uncommon species in the
winter.

It is more or less frequent in the county of Northampton,
says the Hon. T. L. Powys, in a letter to me.

70 SCAUP.

In Cornwall one, a female, was shot at St. Keverne, near
Falmouth, the 19th. of January, 1850. In Lincolnshire they
have been met with on Croxby Lake. In Sussex, near Lewes.
In Oxfordshire it is not an unfrequent winter visitant. One
was caught on the 24th. of December, 1829, on the basin
of water in the quadrangle of Christ's Church College,
Oxford, where it had settled in company with two others.
In Norfolk these birds are not uncommon about Yarmouth.
The same remark applies to the coasts of Dorset and Hants.
In Surrey a Scaup was shot on a piece of water near Milford
House, Godalming, on the 8th. of December, 1846.

They are winter visitants to Shetland and Orkney.

In Ireland also they are described as common.

In one instance the Scaup Duck has been supposed to
breed in this country, namely in Scotland, in Sutherlandshire,
where a female attended by her young one was found by
Sir William Jardine, Bart., in the month of June, 1834.

They arrive about the end of October or beginning of
November, according to the weather, and stay till March,
when they depart to the north to build, lay, and rear their
young.

These birds appear to go in small flocks of ten or a dozen.
On their first arrival, they are naturally tame and ignorant
of danger, but soon come to learn the lesson which has to
be learnt for their security by most other birds, and become
exceedingly shy and wary. They are very readily reconciled
to comparative confinement, and are in such ease said to
become good for the table. Many are sold in the markets
for the purpose, but without this preparatory change in
condition.

They dive well, and remain under water for a full minute.
They swim very fast, both on and below the surface, the
former deep in the water. Meyer, writes as follows of them:
— 'It is a beautiful siorht to observe a strino: of these birds
swimming on the sea, and especially to notice the usual
manner in which they rise from that element. When one of
the extremities of such a long body raises itself in the air,
the rest rise as their turn comes ; and thus they are, as it were,
drawn up one by one from the surface of the water; and
when pursuing their course, they continue to keep the same
order in the air; on alighting the same regularity is observed,
unless the birds are on their migratory passage, during which
time they do not always follow each other so regularly, owing

SCATTP, 71

to some being more tired than others.' They are compact and
thick-set birds, and move themselves in the air with short and
quickly-repeated strokes of the wings. Selby says that the
weight of their body, and the shape of their wings, compel
them always to rise against the wind.

They feed on shell-fish, for which they dive to a depth of
ten or twelve feet, and in search of, turn up the mud with
their beak, from whence, possibly, as has been suggested by
Yarrell, its name — as if scoop. The other articles of its diet
are small fish, mollusca, water-insects, and plants.

The note is a hoarse sound, and while uttering it, the birds,
in the spring-time, while playing their pranks, and sporting
on the water, have a habit of tossing the head, and opening
the bill.

They appear not to lay before the month of May.

The Scaup builds among the brushwood or other vegetation
that is found in swampy grounds or by lakes, or in stony
places near these. Very little nest is formed, the materials,
such as they are, being dry grasses, stalks, and leaves, but
the eggs are well covered with down.

These are, it is said, from five or six to eight or ten in
number, of a dull yellowish brown colour.

The bird begins to lay in May.

Male; weight, about thirty-five ounces; length, one foot
eight inches to one foot nine; bill, clear pale bluish lead-
colour, the tooth curved and black; about the base it is
narrower, and dilated towards the tip; iris, light golden yellow.
Head on the sides, crown, and neck, dark rich velvet greenish
black: the plumage on these parts is full, and of a silky
texture. Nape, deep velvet black; chin and throat, dark velvet
black, glossed with green; breast above, black, below white,
with zigzag pencillings on the sides and flanks, and a yellowish
tinge. Back on the upper part, pale greyish white, finely
marked with numerous transverse zigzag lines of black, the
intervals rather wider, and the markings darker on the lower
part.

The wings have the first quill feather the longest, but the
second nearly of the same length. They expand to the width
of two feet eight inches or more; greater wing coverts, dark
purple grey, pencilled with black; lesser wing coverts, black,
with transverse zigzag white lines. Primaries, deep dusky
black, the inner webs lightest, the ends black; secondaries,
black at the tips, the remainder, including the speculum,

72 SCAUP.

white, bordered below with black; tertiaries, dark purple grey.
The tail, of fourteen feathers, dusky; upper tail coverts, black,
inclining to brown; under tail coverts, blackish brown. The
legs, which are short, and the toes long, are blackish blue
grey, with a dull green tint about the joints; webs, dusky
black.

After the breeding-season the male assumes temporarily the
plumage of the female.

The female is nearly as large as the male. Bill, dark
bluish grey or lead-colour, the tooth black. The *head and
front' are encircled by a broad yellowish white line at the
base of the upper mandible, to the width of about half an
ineh, and decreasing from thence to the chin; iris, yellow.
The head has a whitish spot on the sides towards the back.
The feathers on the crown are larger than the others; it,
the neck on the back, and the nape, dull or blackish chocolate
brown, the feathers tinged more or less with a paler tint,
the sides of the head and neck with, green. Breast above,
dark dull blackish, also with more or less of a paler tint or
white, on the edges of the feathers; below dull tawny white,
the sides and flanks marbled with zigfzaof lines of white and
brown. Back on the upper part, dusky, the tips of the
feathers lighter grey, thus barred across with irregular dusky
lines, the middle part dusky black, with a tinge of changeable
green; below white.

Greater and lesser wing coverts, dusky black, tinged with
variable green; primaries, dusky brownish black, with, never-
theless, a glossy lustre; secondaries, dusky brownish black at
the tips, the speculum white, with a black border; tertiaries,
black, with a tint of olive green. Tail, dark dusk}^ brown,
with a glossy tinge; upper tail coverts, dull blackish brown,
the feathers more or less margined with a paler tint. Legs
and toes, bluish lead-colour; claws, black; webs, dark lead-
colour, nearly black.

The young male bird resembles the female, but the light
colour on the back is varied with brown. The young female
is less distinct in all the colours, and the zigzag black aod
white lines are almost entirely wanting.

«*^

I

73

TUFTED DUCK.

TUFTED POCHAED. BLACK: WIGEOX.

Anas fuUguIa, Pennant. Montagu.

FuUgula cristafa, Selby. Jenyns.

Nyroca fullgida, Fleming.

Anas — A Duck. Fuligula— ?

The Tufted Duck is yet another northern species, frequenting,
in Europe, Lapland, Finland, Norway, and Sweden, and coming
southwards before winter to the warmer climes of Italy,
France, Germany, HollaiKl, Switzerland, and Hungary. In
Asia, it spreads over parallel districts, and is found in the
neighbourhood of the Caucasian range, in Persia, and, east-
ward, in India, in the Dukkun and Himalaya, as far as
Japan. It is stated also to exist in the corresponding
latitudes of Xorth America.

Its haunts are the still waters of inland lakes, ponds, tarns,
and the estuaries, inlets, and bays of the sea; the former in
the summer, the latter in the winter season of the year.

A few pairs of these birds breed vrz Holland; also in the
neighbourhood of Lulea, on the Grulf of Bothnia, and other
places in the south; but the vast majority seek the retire-
ment of the north.

In Yorkshire, this species has been procured near Doncaster,
Leeds, Barnsley, Huddersfield, York, Halifax, and divers other
places. The Tufted Duck has been not unfrequently obtained
in Cambridgeshire. It also has been killed several times in
hard winters near Lilford, Northamptonshire, the Hon. T. L.
Powys informs me; and is also occasionally seen on Croxby
Lake, Lincolnshire, the Eev. E. P. Alington has written me
word. In the county of Durham one was shot near Stockton-

74 TUFTED DTTCK.

on-Tees, on the I7tli. of March, 1853, and four others, two
males and two females, on the 28th. In Norfolk, three were
seen, a male and two females, and the former was shot, on
the E-iver Wensum, at Cossej, on the 25th. of March, 1848;
one was shot at Wroxham Broad, on the 20th. of January,
1849: they are not uncommon about Yarmouth. In Hamp-
shire, one on the E-iver Itchen, near Worthy, October 13th.,
1845.

In Scotland, one of these birds was seen by the Hev. James
Smith, on the Kiver Dovern, near Banff, in Aberdeenshire.
Sir William Jardine has shot some on the Eiver Annan, in
Dumfriesshire, and noticed others on the v/aters of Lochleven,
in April, 1843. He mentions that it is observed on the
Sol v/ ay.

Tufted Ducks, though not in great numbers, visit Orkney
every winter: they are most abundant during severe seasons.

In Ireland also they are not uncommon.

In Yorkshire these birds have been known to breed; a
family consisting of old and young were observed on Malham
Water, otherwise called Malham Tarn, near Skipton-in-Craven,
in the first or second week in August, 1849, by the Rev.
Eobert Bryan Cooke, Eector of Wheldrake, near York. The
Tufted Duck is known also to stay in some instances through
the summer at Hornsea Mere, in Yorkshire. The nest of
this bird has been likewise found at Osberton, Nottingham-
shire, by Francis Foljambe, Esq. They have bred in confinement
in the gardens of the Zoological Society in the years 1839,
1840, and 1841.

The present species carries on its progressive northerly
movement in early March, and continues it till the middle
of April, some tarrying till May. Its migration is conducted
at night, and chiefly, it appears, when there is no moon.

They roost on the water during the day-time, and consort
together in small companies of a few pairs, or in single pairs,
as well as in large flocks. They also associate at times with
Ducks of other kinds. They seem to be shy birds. They
are considered excellent to eat.

They are able to fly with great swiftness, and the wings
of a large flock overhead make a considerable noise. The]
dive well, and swim with equal cleverness. Like all the
other Ducks, *I 'm afloat! I'm afloat!' is the motto thej*
most rejoice in.

Their food consists of water-insects, small shell-fish, and

' TUrTED DUCK. 75

mollusca, yonng frogs and tadpoles, and the roots, seeds, and
buds of plants.

These birds breed along the stony shores of the sides of
inland waters, both lakes and rivers, among the cover of
vegetation, more or less thick, with which such are usually
bordered.

The receptacle for the eggs, for it can hardly be called a
nest, is composed of stalks and grasses. It is not made till
the end of May or beginning of June.

The eggs vary in number from eight to ten. They are of
a pale buff colour, with a tinge of green.

The male bird leaves the female after she has begun to sit.

This species, as Frederick Bond, Esq. has informed me,
paired with the Ferruginous Duck, as I have mentioned in
the account of the latter, in the year 1853 or 1854, in the
gardens of the Zoological Society.

It is a thick-set bird. Male; weight, about twenty-five
ounces; Montagu says that they vary, according to the condition
they are in, from twenty-one to thirty-one ounces; length,
one foot five inches; bill, deep bluish lead-colour, a portion
of the tip and the tooth black: it is rather widened towards
the point. Iris, golden yellow. There is a long dependant
crest of very narrow black feathers, with purple and green
reflections. The head, neck, and nape, are of the same colour.
At the chin is a small triangular-shaped white mark; throat
and breast, on the upper part black, the feathers tipped with
grey; below, the latter is glossy white, or cream-coloured
white, the thighs blackish. Back, dusky olive brown, with
a slight violet tinge, very minutely speckled with grey, or
yellowish white, which gives a subdued tone to the colouring
of this part, the lower portion black.

The wings have the first and second quill feathers of nearly
equal length; greater wing coverts, white, the tips broadly
finished with black; lesser wing coverts, dusky olive black.
The first three or four primaries pale brown, dusky olive
black on the outer webs and the tips, the rest more or less
white towards the base; of the secondaries the four or five
inner ones are dusky olive black, the remainder forming the
speculum white, with greenish black tips, and slightly edged
with the same colour; tertiaries, dusky greenish olive black,
minutely spotted with grey or yellowish white. The tail,
which consists of fourteen feathers, and is short and somewhat
wedge-shaped, is black; upper tail coverts, black; under tail

76

-ruFTED dtjck:.

coverts, black. Legs and toes, dark greyish blue black; the
claws and webs dusky black.

In summer the male assumes a brown plumage, the middle
part of the breast white, the lower dull yellowish.

The female is of a dull rufous brown colour, the edo-es of
the feathers paler. The upper mandible is dusky on the^inner
part, the remainder greyish blue black, and paler than in the
male; the feathers about the bill pale yellowish, or whitish-
iris, yellow. The crest is small, but partially developed in
old birds, and deep rufous brown in colour. The breast on
the centre part is yellowish white, but dull, being tinged with
grey, or pale grej^ish brown, below white, with faint waves
of pale brown; back, blackish brown, the feathers on the sides
tipped with a paler shade. The speculum white; under tail
coverts, white, speckled and barred with pale brown. Lecrg
and toes, greyish blue black, paler than in the male.

The young bird resembles the female: the forehead varied
with white, the head dark brown, at first without, afterwards
with a slight tuft or crest; the upper part of the breast deep
brown, below white; the back brown, more deeply bordered
with paler brown. The speculum is indistinct. After the
moult the males turn much darker, and lose the white feathers
about the base of the bill.

77

LONG-TAILED DUCK.

ITOETHEEX HAEELD. CALLOO. COAX-A^"D-CAXDLE-LIGHT.
LOIS-Q-TAILED SHIELDEAKE. SHAEP-TAILED DUCK.

Anas glacialis, Pennant. Montagu.

Clangula glacialis, Fleming. Selby.

jlnas — A Duck. Glacialis— '^QloDg'mg to ice

This is yet another of those hardy bii'ds which revel in
the cold of the extreme north. It is a well-defined and
handsome species.

They are very plentiful in the hyperborean regions — Iceland,
Nova Zembla, Spitzbergen, and others, and on the European
continent are found in E-ussia, Denmark, Norway, Lapland,
and Sweden, along the shores of the mainland, as well as
among the islands of the Baltic. They have been known,
too, in Germany, Italy, France, Switzerland, and Holland.
In America they are equally abundant in Greenland and the
North Georgian Islands, Labrador, Hudson's Bay, and about
Newfoundland, and come southwards, in winter, as far as
Carolina; likewise in the northern parts of Asia — Kamtschatka
and others.

They frequent the offing of the sea-coast, and at times the
lochs in its vicinity, but are rarely seen either inland, or often
far out at sea.

In Yorkshire, Edward Dawson, Esq., of Osgodby Hall, shot
one, a female, in the month of November, 1S52, on Eiccall
Common. One v/as shot on the coast in the winter of 1S51,
as Mr. William Felkin, Jun., of Carrington, near Nottingham,
has informed me. It has also occurred near Driffield, Doncaster,
and York. In Oxfordshire one was killed near Standlake in

78 LONG-TAILED TiVCK.

the winter of 1840: the species has also occurred on the
Kiver Isis, near Kennington. In Derbyshire some visit thf^
Trent in hard winters. In Durham it has occurred near Bishop
Auckland; also on the Cumberland coast. In December, 1849,
after a long chase, one of these birds was obtained by Arthur
Dymoke Bradshaw, Esq., of Southampton, as that gentleman
has written me word. In Huntins^donshire one was killed
in January, 1888. In Devonshire a few have been obtained
— one near Knightsbridge; also in Dorsetshire, as likewise in
Kent, Essex, and Suffolk. They sometimes are on sale in
the London markets. In J^orfolk the species in the adult
state occurs occasionally, though rarely, on Breydon, near
Yarmouth, in hard winters. The immature birds are not so
uncommon.

In Scotland they are plentiful on the Frith of Forth, and
in Aberdeenshire, near Banff. They also appear in considerable
numbers in Orkney and Shetland.

In Ireland they rank among the occasional visitants. The
counties of Galway and Dublin have furnished specimens.
The late William Thompson, Esq., of Belfast, has mentioned
his having procured specimens four years successively from
that neighbourhood.

During the day-time, if not engaged in feeding, they may
be seen off the shore, resting on the rising and falling weaves,
or every now and then getting on the wdng, and 'flying
round and round in circles, chasing one another, squattering
along the surface, half flying, half swimming, accompanying
all these gambols w^ith their curious cries. When the storms
are at their loudest, and the waves running mountains high,
then their glee seems to reach its highest pitch.' Towards
night they all fly off together for some favourite resting or
feeding ground, so to call what is only a ground-swell.

By the end of October or beginning of November, small
flocks of these birds assemble in suitable localities in the
northern parts of Scotland, from regions still farther north,
and during the succeeding months of December and January,
according to the severity of the weather, their numbers are
added to by fresh irri' als, till large flights are collected
together; until this is ^he case they generally go in small
parties of three or four, one a male, the others females.
Towards the end of March they begin again to separate,
and this goes on till the second or third week in April, or
even to the latter end of May, as the season is comparatively

LONG-TArLEB DrCK. 79

mild or severe. In brief, ^They arrive with the first frown
of winter, and depart with the earliest blink of summer sun/
They migrate by night in large flocks.

These Ducks shun the society of other species, and keep
their own company alone; so they also soon learn to avoid
the approach of man, and make off while the gunner is
jet distant: this, at least after they have learned the wisdom
of doing so, for otherwise they are far from shy. In the
spring they become ^noisy and restless in their movements.
There appear to be contentions among the males; and they
flutter along the surface, hurrying through each others' ranks,
and splashing the water in all directions.' They are true
sea-birds, and pass almost their whole time on the waves,
floating about when not feeding, and taking their rest there
at night, ^rocked in the cradle of the deep.'

In the winter season small flocks of thirty or forty indi-
viduals congregate to the number of five or six hundred, and
cover the surface of the land or water.

Mr. Charles St. John has given a good account of the
habits of these birds. They swim well and dive expertly
for their food, one keeping watch above while the others are
below. They remain down for a considerable time, and when
feeding are constant in their descents, after each necessary
<joming to the surface, dipping under, one after the other,
^vith a curious kind of movement. Thus they drift along
with the flowing tide, and ride at ease over the heavy surf,
or plunge into the midst of the wildest waves.

'When a thin crust of ice forms during the night, the
female may be often seen breaking a way with her wings for
her young brood.' Their ordinary flights are of short extent,
.and at no great height above tlie sea, into which they
suddenly drop — their natural home. 'Unless it is obliged by
some sudden necessity to take wing, it does not prefer that
mode of changing its position.'

They feed on small shell-fish, mollusca, Crustacea, shrimps,
and other marine insects, which they fish for during the
day, diving to a depth of from ten or twelve, to twenty or
twenty-five yards. When forced by severe weather to a
greater distance than ordinary from the shore, so as to be
obliged to dive to a still greater depth for their food, they
are said to become thin and weak. They appear also to
:Swallow sea-weed and small fragments of sand, and in the
breeding-season, when thrown in the way of vegetable diet,

80 LOJSTG-TAILED DUCK.

are said to partake of the roots, leaves, buds, and seeds of
water-plants.

The note is expressed by the word ^calloo,' and again by
the syllables ^our, o, u, ah,' or *our' alone. When repeated
together, the sounds are said to bear a close resemblance to
the words *coal-and-candle-light.' Meyer gives 'Wark, wark,
wark,' and 'ah, aulik.' The Americans, 'South Southerly;'
the Kamtschatdales, and the ]N'orth American Indians, 'Cac-
camee,' and 'Ha-Ha-Way,' all of which latter are, says Mr.
Selby, to a certain degree, expressive of its note.

The voices of a number of these birds together have a
musical sound, and the harmony has been compared to the
distant strains of the Scotch bagpipes. Their call-notes are
uttered all the day, v/hen the birds are collected together,
and both male and female are constant in its use. The
noise of the flock is heard to a considerable distance.

This species nidificates about inland lakes, ponds, and bogs,
among the plants and low brushwood that afford cover near
the water's edge. The nest is nothing more than a few
stems of reeds, rushes, or grass, lined with the down of the
mother bird, the quantity being added to as the number of
eggs increases. Many breed in the same vicinity.

'About the latter end of April,' says Meyer, 'the birds
arrive in pairs at their breeding-places, and in May the
female lays. By the end of June or the beginning of July
the young make their appearance, and are soon led to the
sea-shore, and instructed to swim, dive, and provide for
themselves. The male, who leaves the care of the nursery
to his mate, joins his family on their arriving at that
locality, and accompanies them in their migratory jom-ney
and winter sojourn.'

The eggs are usually from six to ten in number, but
twelve have been found. They are of a pale greenish or
bluish white colour, tinted with buff.

The Long-tailed Duck is a bird of striking and curious
appearance. Male; length, one foot ten inches; the bill is
short, dusky black at the base and towards the sides, the
tooth dusky black, the remainder of the upper mandible
deep red: the edges of both mandibles are deeply pectinated.
Iris, yellow; head on the crown, the feathers of which are
long with hair-Hke beards, silvery cream white, the forehead
and sides, which are grey, have a roseate tinge; neck in front, i
white; on each side of it, just below the head, there is an

LONG-TAILED DUCK. 81

oblong patch, the upper part of which is blackish rusty brown^
and the lower yellowish brown; nape, w^hite; chin and throat,
white; breast above, deep chocolate blackish brown, below
white, the sides tinged with grey. Back on the upper part,
dark chocolate brown, on the lower black.

G-reater wdng coverts, dusky; lesser wing coverts, chocolate
brown; primaries, dusky; the speculum yellowish brown with
the edge lighter; tertiaries, white. Tail, chocolate brown,
except the two long middle feathers, which are dusky, and
the outer ones, vvdiich are white; upper tail coverts, blackish
on the middle part, that is, the four central feathers, and
white on the sides, the remaining ones brown deeply margined
with white, excepi; the outermost, which are entirely white.
The two middle feathers are narrow in shape, and three
inches and a half longer than the others, in all nine inches
in length; under tail coverts, white. Legs and toes, greenish
or yellowish ash grey colour; the inner toes and the small
ones behind are margined with small lateral webs; claws,
black; webs, blackish.

The female has the bill blackish grey, the upper mandible
orange yellow across the middle. Head on the front and
sides, greyish white, on the back cinereous; crown, dark
purple brown, as is a patch towards the back of the side
of the head; neck, dull white; chin and throat, dark purple
brown; breast above, deep reddish brown, the edges of the
feathers darker, below white; back, dusky brownish black.
Greater and lesser wing coverts, margined with brownish
yellow and greyish white. Tail, purple brown. Legs and
toes, grey, the joints darker; webs, dark grey.

Sir William Jardine states that there is an extraordinary
variation in the summer and winter dress of this bird. In
a specimen procured in summer the forehead and sides of
the head, brown; crown, black; back of the head, white;
neck, deep black, a few white feathers on the front; chin,
white; breast, deep black, the sides white. Back on the
upper part, black, with broad margins of reddish brown, and
a few white feathers intermixed; on the lower part, deep
brownish black. The secondaries have the outer webs tinted
with reddish brown, forming an indistinct speculum. Tail,
deep brownish black; upper tail coverts, deep brownish black;
under tail coverts, white.

He adds, in winter the bill is black at the base, the tooth
black, behind it is a deep band of lake red; the forehead and

VOL. VIL G

'82 LOXO-TATLED DUCK.

sides of the head are pale greyish brown, back of the bead,
white; neck on the back, white, on each side of it there is
a large oval-shaped patch of blackish brown, ended below
with yellowish or reddish brown; throat, white; breast on
the upper part, w4iite; back on the upper part, white, on the
lower, brownish black. The tail graduated, the middle feathers
being narrow and much elongated, brownish black in colour;
upper tail coverts, brownish black; under tail coverts, white.
Legs and toes, yellow grey.

In the female in winter the crown is dark yellowish brown;
the spot on the neck yellowish brown; nape, also yellowish
brown. Breast above, yellowish brown; below, white; back,
blackish brown. The tail is not elongated.

S3

HARLEQUIN DUCK.

HAELEQTJrN" GAEEOT.

Avns histriovTca. pENNANT. Montagu.

Clanyula histnonica, FLEMING. Selby.

Anas— A Duck Histrionica — Histrionic.

The Harlequin Duck, which derives its name from its
variegated plumage, though on the whole it is of a dark
appearance, is another northern species, and in Europe appertains
the most to Iceland, Eussia, Sweden, and those parts, and has
occurred in France and Grermanj. In Asia it is known in
Kamtschatka, and in Siberia, about Lake Baikal, and thence
proceeds, according to the season, to the lower latitudes of
Lake Aral and the Caspian Sea. In America it is common
about the Bay of Fundy, Labrador, Newfoundland, Hudson's
Bay, Greenland, and in winter advances southwards to the
United States. It is mentioned also by Dr. Eichardson as
occurring in the vicinity of the Eockv ^Mountains.

It is altogether, as is related, a bird of the sea and its inlets,
and the mouths of rivers, excepting during the breeding-season,
and even then it appears not to go more than a mile or so
from such to small lakes or other waters. Its occurrence
farther inland is merely the result of some fortuitous
circumstance.

These birds breed in Iceland.

A Harlequin Duck was once purchased in the market at
Yarmouth, in Norfolk: an adult male is said to have been
killed near that place. A female of this species was shot on
the Eiver Don, near Doncaster. In Devonshire one in the
winter of 1830. Two the same seaieon were purchased in the

84 B[AT?LEQTJI]Sr DTTGK.

London market by Mr. Yarrell. In Cheshire one, a female, was
shot by the gamekeeper of Sir Philip de Malpas Grey Egerton,
Bart.

In Scotland a pair were formerly obtained by Lord Seaford;
another was shot near Gordon Castle, on the Spey, Banffshire,
in October, 1851. In Orkney one, a female, has occurred.

During its summer migration, says Selby, it is found upon
the coast, and frequently in deep water, at a considerable
distance from land.

When not in pairs these Ducks are seen in flocks, being
sociable among themselves. They are very shy birds, it is
said, making off on wing at the slightest alarm. The male
and female seem much attached to each other.

They dive with quick expertness, swim equally well, frequently
nodding the head, but fly in a more laboured manner, the
wings being short and quickly beaten.

They feed on different kinds of shell-fish, small fry, insects
and their larvae, frogs, tadpoles, and water-plants.

The note resembles the syllables 'eck, eck,' and is constantly
repeated.

The Harlequin builds among low bushes and plants, in the
precincts of streams and lakes, and the neighbourhood of the
sea, not far from the water's edge; and ^feathers its nest'
with down from its own breast, the outerside materials being
dry leaves, stalks, grass, and reeds, arranged in a circular
manner to the height of two or three inches.

The eggs are from five or six to seven in number, rarely
more than the former, according to Audubon, but some say
as many as eight, ten, or twelve, and of a white or very pale
buff colour, with a tinge of green. *The texture of the egg
is very fine, but without polish.'

The female is very attentive to her brood. The male leaves
them to her care and returns to the sea.

Male; length, one foot five inches; bill, bluish black; iris,
orange reddish brown, behind it is a large white space, which
colour goes backward to the nape on the sides of the head
in two narrow bands, and below it is another stripe of bright
chesnut, the middle band from the bill to the hind part of
the head and down the neck velvet black, thus bordered on
mch side by the white lines already mentioned. Head on the
lides, crown, neck, and nape, blackish grey, glossed with purple
violet, with the exception of the white and brown streaks
just spoken of, the white spot on the hinder part of the sides

HAKLEQTJIN DUCK. 85

of the head, and another white streak running down the sides
of the neck near the back part, originating between the white
spot and the junction of the two other lines on the nape.
Chin and throat, black, with a purple violet gloss: betweeu
the latter and the breast is a white band, edged narrowly
below with black. The breast is crossed at the middle by a
crescent-shaped band of white, bordered above and below with
black; the upper part between the two bands is bluish grey,
the lower part below the second one dusky greyish black,
darker, becoming deep reddish brown, towards the under tail
coverts; the sides are rufous chesnut, and near the tail are a
few large strong feathers with white tips, which make a small
but distinct spot. The back on the upper part is purple
grey, on the middle brownish black, with a bloom of deep
blue or purple grey, on the lower part dusky black.

The wings have the first quill feather the longest; greater
wing coverts, bluish black, tipped with white; of the lesser
wing coverts some are white, with a narrow greyish border to
the feathers; primaries, dull brownish black; secondaries, also
black, the outer webs forming the speculum are brownish
black, glossed with deep blue; tertiaries, white on the outer
webs, bordered with blackish brown. Tail, dusky black; under
tail coverts, bluish black; legs and toes, dull bluish dusky
black; webs, dusky.

The moult takes place, Audubon says, in July and August.

In the female the general plumage is sooty brown. Length,
one foot two or three inches; before and behind the eye are
patches of white; forehead, whitish; neck in front mottled
with two shades of brown. Chin and throat, greyish white.
Breast above, mottled with two shades of brown, below
whitish, the sides also of two shades of yellowish brown and
brownish grey, the flanks brown. Back, reddish brown, the
margins of the feathers paler.

The young male in the first 3'ear resembles the female. The
white collar is not gained till after the second moult.

According to Audubon, the young male in its first winter
has the white spot over the eye mottled with grey, the line
extending over the e3'e obscure, and the edging of the occiput
faint reddish brown; bill, dusky. Head and neck, dull leaden
blue, the crown darker; the two white marks exist on the
neck, but are merely edged with darker blue; there are some
indications of the white collar, and the band before the wing
is marked, but much smaller than in the adult bii'd. In the

86 haiileqtji:n' duck.

third year the white collar is still incomplete, but all the
white markings of the neck are edged with black. In the
third year the sides of the breast are dark brownish greVy
waved with yellowish red bars; the fore part is dull grey,
the middle yellowish grey, spotted with bluish grey. The
back greyish brown; primaries, dark brown; secondaries, not
tipped with white. Tail, bluish grey, the end lighter coloured;
in the third year the tail is becoming glossy bluish black;
upper tail coverts, dusky — they turn to glossy bluish black
in that year. Legs and toes, lead-colour.

87

GOLDEN-EYE.

COMMOI^ GOLDE]!f-ETE. GAEEOT. BATTLE- WINGS.
GOLDEN-ETE DFCX.

Anas clangula, Pennant. Montagu.

" glaucion, Bewick.

Clangula vulgaris, Fleming. Selby.

" chri/sophthalmus, Jenyns,

Anas — A Duck. Clangula Clango — To sound as a trumpet.

The Golden-Eje is found in Iceland and the Ferroe Islands^
and throughout Eussia, Denmark, Lapland, Sweden, Norway,
and Holland. It occurs also in Germany, Switzerland,
Prussia, Saxony, Silesia, Hungary, Italy, and France. It
belongs likewise to the northern parts of Asia, from Tartary,
Persia, and the Caucasus, to Japan. It is said also to belong
to North America.

They breed in the different countries of Scandinavia, and
this not only in natural situations, but also in boxes placed
for them by the inhabitants for the purpose.

The localities these birds frequent are principally the sea
coasts, near the mouths of rivers, but also the borders of
inland lakes, ponds, and streams, not those that are rapid
and turbulent, but such as belong to the scenes described in
the Old Version of the Psalms of David —

*Where peaceful rivers, soft and slow,
Amid the verdant landscape flow.'

When on the sea they prefer such a distance from the shore
as will give a depth of two or three fathoms for the exercise
of their foraging habits.

In Yorkshire the Golden-Eye has been obtained in plenty.

^8 GOLDEIS^-ETE.

though for the most part in immature plumage, near Doncaster,
Hebden-Bridge, Barnsley, Leeds, York, Huddersfield, and
elsewhere. In Norfolk they are not uncommon about Yar-
mouth, that is to say young birds, the old ones only occurring
in severe weather. They are likewise met with in the fens
in Cambridgeshire; also on the Shropshire meres. In Oxford-
shire birds of this species not very unfrequently occur, but
chiefly females and young males. In Derbyshire some are
met with at times, though but rarely, on the Trent — two
on the 9th. of March, 1848.

Individuals have been met with near Lilford, Northampton-
shire, by the Hon. T. L. Powys, and others have occurred
elsewhere in the county. W. Brooks Grates, Esq. tells me of
one obtained at Weston Favell, near Northampton, the
beginning of February, 1855. In Lincolnshire on Croxby
Lake. In Sussex near Lewes. In the winter of 1847, Mr.
M. C. Cooke informs me that one was shot, an immature
bird, at Swanscombe, in Kent. In Cornwall it is scarce
near Falmouth, but has occurred at Gwyllyn Yase, and one
was shot near the former place January the 29th., 1848. In
Durham one, a male, was shot near Stockton-on-Tees, on the
26th. of February, 1853; another at Bishop Auckland.

In Orkney and Shetland they are frequent; so also in
Ireland.

They migrate the end of October and beginning of
November, and again towards the end of March or beginning
of April. Their numbers with us are regulated by the com-
parative severity or mildness of the winter. At the spring
of the year they repair to the inland lochs.

They frequently unite in small flocks in winter. The old
males are shy, but the females and their broods are less so.
When they have been frequenting fresh water for some time,
they become very good to eat. A female Golden-Eye has been
preserved on the water in St. James's Park.

The Golden-Eye is strong and vigorous on the wing, and
a whistling sound, peculiar to it, and from which one of its
trivial names is derived, the wings being struck quickly and
as if with eff'ort, is produced by its flight. It dives with
great expertness, and is below the surface on the slightest
alarm. On the water it swims low. Meyer says 'When it
dives it has been observed to raise itself again quickly by
touching the bottom with its tail, and this it does so fre-
quently that in many instances it will be found that the

GOLDEN-EYE. 89

tips of its tail feathers are much worn.' He also adds, Svhen
on the wing, and pursued bj birds of prey, it has the
capacity of shooting down from the air into the water, and
disappearing instantaneously below its surface.' Yarrell states
that if five or six of these Ducks are together, they do not
all dive at the same time, but that some . of them keep a
good look-out to prevent being approached and surprised bv
an enemy. Sir William Jardine says, on the contrary, that
they are the more easily approached for that they all dive
simultaneously. "When thus stolen a march on, they seek
safety by flight, and not by diving. On the land they walk
in a shuffling and ungainly manner.

They make their food of shell-fish, frogs, and tadpoles,
water-insects, mollusca, small fry, and the buds, seeds, and
roots of various plants.

Their cry is hoarse and somewhat sibilous, but the former
sound is more or less characteristic of all the Ducks, none of
whom are wont to express their wants and wishes 'sotto voce.'

The Grolden-Eye builds in the vicinity of lakes and rivers,
giving a preference to the latter, particularly such as flow over
falls and rapids. The Laplanders place boxes with holes in
them in the trees in these localities, for the birds to build in,
and thus procure the eggs, for the cotes are sure to be resorted
to for the purpose of laying in. The nest is made of rushes
and other herbage, lined with down. Mr. Hewitson found one
in a hole in a tree, ten or twelve feet from the ground.

The eggs are of a greenish hue, and from ten to fourteen
in number.

It appears that the old bird takes the young ones to the
water by holding it under the bill between it and the neck.

Male; weight, nearly two pounds; length, one foot six to one
foot seven inches; bill, bluish black, deep at the base, behind
it is a round patch of clear white, observable in flight, even
at a considerable distance; iris, golden yellow; forehead, brownish
black. The head, which is large, is, on the crown, the feathers
on the back of which are a little elongated, and capable of
being much raised at will, as are the neck on the upper part,
nape, chin, and throat, brownish black, glossed with green and
violet; the lower part of the neck all round and the breast,
white, or yellowish white in some, the sides dull greyish black,
and there are a few streaks of velvet black on tlie flanks, the
outer parts of the inner webs of the feathers being of that
:Bolour. Back, deep bluish black.

90 GOLDETs^-ETE.

The wings have the first quill feather the longest; greater
r.nd lesser wing coverts, black at the base, the remainder
white, with a few streaks of black; primaries, dusky black.
Of the secondaries, seven are mostly white, the remainder
dusky black; tertiaries, dusky black. Tail, dusky greyish black;
it is rather long, and consists of sixteen feathers; upper tail
coverts, bluish black; under tail coverts, white. The legs,
which are short, and the toes, are orange yellow; the inner
and hinder toes furnished with lateral webs, the latter large;
webs, dusky black.

Female; bill, brownish black at the base, towards the tip
yellowish orange brown; iris, pale yellow. Head, crown, neck
on the upper part, nape, chin, and throat, rusty brown, the
lower part of the neck or collar in front white. Breast on
the upper part, greyish ash-colour, the centres of the feathers
dark, below white or greyish white, the flanks blackish grey
in rather a mottled manner, the margins of the feathers being
paler than the rest. Back, brownish black, the edges of the
feathers being paler, with a bluish grey tint. Greater wing
coverts, white, the bases brownish black; lesser wing coverts,
grey, tipped with white, the bases brownish black; primaries,
dusky black; secondaries, partly white; tertiaries, dusky black.
Tail, greyish black, the edges of the feathers bluish grey;
upper tail coverts, greyish black; under tail coverts, mottled
with greyish black. Legs and toes, pale dusky yellowish orange
in front, the hind part blackish; webs, dusky.

The young male at first is like the female, but by degrees
the brown of the head becomes darker, and acquires the
glossy green, and the feathers become more elongated; the
white patch shews itself, the back also grows darker, and
more white is apparent on the wings. After the third moult
the full plumage is put on.

The plate is from a drawing made by John Gatcombe, Esq.,
Wyndham Place, Plymouth,

91

BUFFEL-HEADED DUCK.

BTJEEEIi-HEADED GAEEOT.

Clangnla aJbeola^ Jenyns.

Fuligula alheola, Buoxaparte.

Clangula. Ctangu— To sound as a trumpet. Albeoia—A diminutive

from ^/6as— White

This Duck is very common in Xorth America throuo^hout
the Union, and has been observed also in California, amono-
the Rocky Mountains, and again in Newfoundland, the Bay
of Fundy, and the Fur Countries.

In our country the Tirst on record' of this species, a male,
was shot near Yarmouth, in Norfolk, in or about the year
1830. A previous one was mentioned by Donovan. In the
same county one at Hunstanton, of which the Rev. W. C.
Fearon, Yicar of that parish, has been so obliging as to send
me word.

These birds go northwards to breed.
• They dive with great quickness and facility.

They feed on shell-fish, shrimps, and water-plants.

The note is a mere croak.

Male; length, one foot three inches. The bill, which is
small and narrow, is bluish black; iris, dark brown, behind
it an oval-shaped patch of white, narrow in front, but wider
behind, extending to the back of the head. Forehead, bluish
black, tinged with rich purple and green. The feathers on
the crown are elongated, forming a crest erectible at the
pleasure of the bird. It and the neck above, with the exception
of the white patch just mentioned, are bluish black, with the
same rich tinge of purple and green: the lower part of it
white. Nape, greyish; chin and throat, bluish black, tinged

92 BUFFEL-HEADED DrCK.

with purple and green; breast, white; back, black. G-reater
and lesser wing coverts, white; primaries, greyish black;
secondaries, white; tertiaries, black. Tail, pale ash grey;
upper tail coverts, pale ash grey. Legs and toes, yellow.

The female is less than the male. Length, one foot one
inch. Head, crown, and neck, greyish brown, with a patch
of white behind the eye; breast, dull white. Back on the
upper part, greyish brown, on the lower part black. Greater
and lesser wing coverts, dark greyish brown; primaries, dark
greyish brown; secondaries, white; tertiaries, dark greyish
brown. Tail, ash grey; legs and toes, bluish black.

The vouno" male at first resembles the female.

I have arranged the above description from Yarrell's account.

SMEW,

Loran diyee. white liTJis".

WHITE ]!iIEEG-^:N'SEE. WHITE-HEADED GOOSA^'DEE.

SMEW meega:nse:^^ eed-headed smew.

Mtrgus alhellus, Penxant. Mo2iTAGCr.

" minutus, LiNN.EL'S.

" Asiaticus, G:melix.

Merganser sieltatus, BuiSbON.

Mergus-A Diver. dlhellns. Albus — White.

The Smew is an exceedingly elegant and handsome bird,
fchough its plumage is plain, consisting only of the two primitive
colours, so to call them.

It occurs in Iceland, Sweden, Russia, Holland, France,
Grermany, Switzerland, Greece; also in Asia, in Persia,
Kamtschatka, and Siberia, Asia Minor, about the Caucasus,
and in Japan. It is known, though only as a straggler, in
America, in the Fur Countries, United States: it belongs to
Grreenland.

It frequents the coast as well as rivers and inland waters,
giving a preference, it would seem, to the latter, and not,
like so many other birds we shall soon have to give account
of, to the ^deep, deep sea.'

In Yorkshire one was killed at Sutton-upon-Derwent, near
York, in May, 1852, as the Eev. George Eudston Read, Rector
of that place, has informed me; several have been shot near
Doncaster in hard winters; a few near Leeds; one at Swillington,
Tanuary 24th., 1838; also at Gledhow. Others near York,
ihe males more rarely, the females and young less so. The
same remark applies to Oxfordshire, and indeed no doubt
everywhere else. In the month of January, 1838, however,

94 SMETV.

three adult males were killed at one shot on the^ Isis, near
the seat of the famous University, the foundation of the
Great Alfred.

The Hon. T. L. Powys has met with the Smew on the
Eiver ISTene, in Northants, near Stoke Doyle, on the 5th. of
January, 1850. In January, 1849, as Arthur S. H. Lowe,
Esq., of Highfield House, near Nottingham, has written me
word, several were seen near there, and four were shot: only
three had heen known in the preceding thirty years. Three
or four, G-. Grantham, Esq. mentions to me as having been
procured near Lewes, on the Sussex coast, one of them in
February, 1855, between Cuckmere Haven and Seaford. In
Hertfordshire one was shot near Watford. In Cambridge-
shire the Smew has occurred near Ely on the 7th. of December,
1849. In Surrey, near Godalming.

In Cornwall this species is rare, and only occurs in severe
winters. In Norfolk young birds are not uncommon near
Yarmouth in hard winters: the adult bird is more rare.
Specim.ens have also occurred at Gwyllyn Yase and Swanpool,
near Falmouth — one on the 29th. of Janaary, 1848. In the
county of Northumberland Bewick mentions three females
killed on the Tyne at one shot, in January, 1820, after a
severe frost. In Cambridgeshire, Willughby mentions having
had one from Cambridge, and the Eev. Dr. Thackeray has
another, bought in the market there, in April, 1825.

The Smew has been observed in Sanday, Orkney, and is
believed to breed in that part.

In Ireland it is an occasional winter visitant. It is a Scottish
fipecles likewise in the same manner.

They come to us in winter. Their movements are southwards
in the autumn, and northwards in the spring.

They are shy and careful birds, and take wing with great
readiness when apprehensive of danger. One has been kept
on the water in St. James' Park, London.

They feed on small fish, Crustacea, and water-insects.

They fly quickly, and are excellent divers, but walk in a
laboured manner.

The nest of the Smew is made of dry grass, and lined with
the down of the bird herself. It is placed on the ground, upon
the banks of lakes and rivers, not far from the w^ater, or in
a hollow in a tree.

The eggs are said to be eight or ten, or from that to fourteen
in number, and of a yellowish white colour.

SMEW. 95

Male; weight, a little over a pound and a half; length, one
foot five inches, to one foot five and a half. Bill, bluish leaden
grey colour, the tooth white — a black patch, with green
reflections, extends from its base to and round the eye. Iris,
reddish bro-.vn; head, white, except that from the crown another
dark patch, tinged with green, descends down the back of the
neck; it assumes the form of a crest, intermixed with some
lono: white feathers: they are of a silkr texture: neck, white,
with the exception above named. Chin and throat, white;
breast, white, but two half-moon-shaped streaks of black run
forwards from the back in front of the wing, one of them for
an inch and a half, the other about an inch farther back;
the sides are barred with fine grey zigzag lines. Back, on
the middle part, black.

G-reater wing coverts, deep glossy black, tipped with white;
lesser wing coverts, partly white. Primaries, dusky black;
secondaries, deep glossy black, fringed narrowly and tipped
with white, forming two small bands across the wing; ter-
tiaries, leaden grey, the outer feathers the lightest coloured.
Tail, greyish ash-colour, and wedge-shaped; upper tail coverts,
greyish ash-colour; under tail coverts, white. Legs and toes,
bluish grey; webs, bluish grey.

Like the Ducks, the male Smew assumes the plumage of
the female in the beginning of June, and retains it till the
autumnal moult, when he re-assumes his own costume.

The female is much less than the male. Weight, fifteen
ounces: length, one foot two inches and a half, to one foot
three or four; bill, bluish lead-colour — at its base is a black
patch. Iris, reddish brown. Head and crown, reddish chesnut
brown, which colour goes down the upper part of the neck;
this colour is darkest between the bill and the eye, where
the black patch exists in the male; the feathers on the
crown and occiput are elongated, and on the last-named
somewhat hackled. On the back of the neck and nape the
dark streak running downward till it encircles the front, spreads
out before and towards the back. The sides of the upper
part of the neck white. Chin and throat, white; breast above,
light greyish white, below white, the sides and flanks grey;
back above, dark greyish brown; on the middle and lower
part, greyish black.

Greater wing coverts, deep greyish black, tipped with white;
lesser wing coverts, greyish Vvdnte on the middle part. Pri-
maries, dusky greyish black; secondaries, deep greyish black,

96 SMEW.

bordered and tipped with white, but the cross bands tbus
formed are narrower than in the male: the last secondary is
grey, having the outer web white, bordered with a tint of
black; tertiaries, dark bluish grey. Tail, dark greyish brown;
it consists of sixteen feathers; upper tail coverts, dark
greyish brown. Legs and toes, bluish grey; webs, bluish
grey.

The young male resembles the female till the second year,
but the reddish brown on the head is clearer, and the
feathers less elongated: the greater wing coverts and the
secondaries are of a deeper black, and the white tips are
conspicuous, the back too then becomes varied with black,
and the two crescents begin to shew themselves.

The young female does not acquire the dark patch behind
the bill till her second year. There is more of the red
colour on the back of the neck. The lesser wing coverts are
greyish white, and the breast is dull white.

i;7

HOODED MEEGANSER.

Mergus cucuIIatuSf Selby. Jenyns. Eyton

" fnscus, Latham. Gould, Temminck

Mtrgus — A Divei'. CucuJl itus — Hooded.

This is another very neat specie?. It belongs to North
America, coming southwards from Hudson's Bay to the United
States and Mexico, hut has only occurred in Europe as a
rare and occasional straggler. It has been observed in France.

It is not un frequent along the coast, but prefers inland waters
and smaller creeks or ponds to those which are larger.

In this country one of these birds was obtained near
Yarmouth, Xorfolk, in the winter of 1S29. One in Suffolk;
one at Benton Park, the seat of Anthony Balph Biddulph,
Esq.; and one near Bangor, in Wales, in the winter of
1830-31.

Two specimens have been obtained in Ireland.

They arrive from the north in October, and go farther south
according to the weather of the season. They make their
retro oi-ade movement from the beMnins^ of March to the
middle of May. They migrate in small flocks without any
order.

The mother is very attentive to her young — the male leaving
her as soon as she begins to sit. These birds generally go
in small flocks of from five or six to ten. They are, Audubon
says, eaten by some persons, but this quahfied mode of
expression leads to the opinion that they do not by their innate
excellence contribute much to 'la haute cuisine.'

They are extremely quick in flight, active in their movements,
and most expert divers.

They feed on snails, tadpoles, and insects.

TOL. VII. H

93 HOODED MERQANSER.

The note is represented by the syllables *croo, croo,' repeated
more or less frequently. Both birds utter it.

The nest, placed in trees, or, when these are wanting, in
holes and hollows, in either case by the margins of lakes and
rivers, is formed of grass and other herbage, lined with feathers
and down from the breast of the mother bird.

The eggs, eight or ten in number, and of a yellowish white
colour, are laid in May, and hatched in June.

Male; length, one foot six or seven inches; bill, clear reddish
brown, the tooth black; iris, golden yellow. The head on the
crown is surmounted by a half-circular hood, from whence the
name of the bird. It is spread out flat-wise or closed at
pleasure. According to Wilson, the crest is composed of two
separate rows of feathers, radiating from each side of the head,
and easily separable. This hood, as well as the remainder of
the head, is dusky black with purple and green reflections, with
the exception of a large somewhat triangular-shaped patch or
spot of pure white, bordered on the outside with black, behind
the eye. This is more conspicuous when the crest is spread
from about it. Neck, also dusky black, with metallic purple
and green reflections. Breast, white, with two crescent-shaped
streaks of greenish black, coming forwards on its upper part
from the like colour on the back; the sides and flanks yellowish
rust-colour, and finely pencilled with yellowish brown and
black; back, deep dusky blackish brown.

Greater wing coverts, glossy greenish black, tipped vdth
white, the bases also white; lesser wing coverts, deep brownish
black. Primaries, deep brownish black. The secondaries deep
brownish black, and having the outside borders white, are
crossed with a bar of white, the bases also white; tertiaries,
metallic greenish black, the shaft streaks white. Tail, brownish
black. Legs and toes, clear reddish brown; webs, dusky.

The female is rather less in size. Length, not quite one
foot and a half. The bill, which is slender, is clear reddish
brown. Head on the crown, reddish brown, the feathers
elongated at the occiput in a semicircular manner, verging
into pale reddish brown; the remainder and the neck and
nape, pale brown, the front of the neck paler, the edges of
the feathers being lighter coloured. Chin, greyish white,
speckled with pale brown; throat and breast above, brown,
deeply margined with grey; below, white, the sides brown with
paler edges to the feathers; back, brownish black.

The wings, when closed, only reach to within three inches

HOODED MEEGATiTSEB. 99

-Df the end of the taih The secondaries have the outside edges
of the outer webs white, forming a small speculum. The tail
consists of fourteen feathers, and is deep brown. Legs and
toes, clear reddish brown.

The young at first resemble the female. The male obtains
some white on the head in the second year, but is not complete
in plum^age till the third.

100

RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.

EED-BEEASTED GOOSANDEB. SAWBILL. HAELE.

Mergus serrator. Pennant. Mo.ntagu, Bewick.

cristatus, Erisson.

" niger, G.melin.

Merganser niger^ BmsisON.

Mergus — A Diver, Serrator, Serra — A saw.

The Merganser is a common bird in Europe — in Norway,
Sweden, Lapland, Iceland, and the Ferroe Islands, as also in
Holland, Germany, Switzerland, France, and Italy. It like-
wise is found in Asia, in Siberia, about Lake Baikal, and
along the courses of the larger rivers, and eastward to
Japan. In America it belongs to Greenland, the Fur
Countries, the shores of Hudson's Bay, and Newfoundland.

They frequent the coast, its bays and estuaries, and the
lower parts of rivers, namely, where they disembogue them-
selves into the sea, but sometimes advance upwards, and
reach inland waters, though seldom beyond the influence of
the tide. They breed, however, on fresh-water lakes.

In Northumberland these birds occur along the coasts,
Holy Island and the Fern Islands being favourite localities;
also along the shores of Durham.

In Lincolnshire the Eev. William Waldo Cooper shot one
in the Ancholme, in the winter of 1853-4. In Northamp-
tonshire the species has occurred on the River Nene. In
Suffolk one near Ipswich, as T. J. Wilkinson, Esq., of
Walsham Hall, has written me word. In the adjoining
county of Norfolk one, a male, an adult bird, was seen at
Lowestoft, in the third week of July, 1852, as recorded by

EEI)-BEEASTED MEKGANSEE. 101

J. H. Gurney, Esq., of Easton, in the ^Zoologist,' page 8599.
In the usual way it is also seen in those parts in the
winter months, but old males are seldom obtained except in
severe seasons. Many specimens were procured along the
coast of Essex and the two last-named counties in the winter
of 1829-30. They are not uncommon near Yarmouth, and
generally on the Norfolk coast in severe weather, but the
immature birds are much more common than the adult.

In Yorkshire, a fine female specimen was shot near Eichmond
on the 12th. of December, 1854; a female shot at Barnsley,
in January of the same year. Specimens have occurred near
Hebden Bridge; also near Doncaster — one in 1837. Indi-
viduals also near York, and at Swillington, near Leeds —
several were procured in the year 1830. In Cambridgeshire
a pair were shot at Pricwillow, in 1854. A female in
Burwell Fen, in summer; others have been sold in the
Cambridge market. In the sister county of Oxford, a fine
specimen of this bird was killed at Otmoor, in February,
1838, and in the winter of 1841, two others fell to the gun
near Cassington. A pair, male and female, were shot near
Reading, in 1785. Three were shot, adult birds, a male and
two females, at Terr in g ton Marsh, Norfolk, on the 7 th. of
December, 1849. In Essex, two on the Thames, near
Barking, the beginning of January, 1850.

In Cornwall, one was shot near Penryn Creek, Falmouth,
in December, 1846, and a second specimen in November,
1847; others on the Truro river and its branches. The
species has occurred also in Kent, by the Thames; in
Worcestershire, on the Severn, near Worcester; likewise in
Lancashire, Dorsetshire, and Surrey, near Chertsey, in
November, 1842. One was shot out of a flock of thirty-four.
In South Wales, Mr. Dillwyn has noticed its occurrence
at Swansea. It3 has also been met with in North Wales.
In Montgomeryshire three were seen at Bronafron, on the
River Severn, January 2nd., 1850, one of which was shot.

They also breed in Scotland, in Sutherlandshire, on all the
lochs, as near Scowrie and elsewhere; likewise in Argyleshire,
on Loch Awe, where the nest was found by Sir William
Jardine, Bart., and Mr. P. J. Selby, in June, 1828; in
Ross-shire, at Loch Maree. They also remain throughout the
year in Orkney, Shetland, and the Hebrides, and rear their
joung. Pennant has mentioned their breeding in the Isle
of Islay, and Mr. Macgillivray found the nest in Harris.

202 EED-BEEASTED MEEaANSEE.

In Ireland specimens have been obtained in Meath and
other parts. There also the bii'ds are indigenous.

They come to ns in winter, *when the winds whistle cold'
and even the hardiest sea-birds are glad to betake themselves
to comparative shelter.

These birds are extremely shy and wary, especially during
the breeding-season. They go in flocks. They too have the
^ower of submerging the whole body in a gentle and im-
perceptible manner, the bill only being kept out.

They swim and dive with the greatest expertness, and are
able, it is said, to remain two minutes under the water,
making rapid progress beneath the surface. They can walk
fast, but are ungraceful in their movements. They fly in a
buoyant and easy manner.

Their food is chiefly made of small fish, but also of beetles
and water insects and theii^ larvse, worms, and frogs.

The note sounds most like the words 'curr, curr.'

The places chosen by this species for nesting, are the
vicinage of the sea, and the neighbourhood of lakes and rivers,
among reeds and rushes.

Male; weight, two pounds; length, one foot nine or ten
inches. The upper bill, which is closely serrated, is dark
orange reddish brown, the edges brighter; the under bill red;
the tooth, horn-colour; iris, red. The head, and crown,
which has the feathers loose, webbed, and elongated, and the
neck all round on the upper part, dark shining greenish
black, changing in different lights from glossy violet black
to a beautiful gilded green; down the back of the neck and
the nape descends a narrow line of glossy black; the
remainder of the neck all round is white. Chin and throat,
dark glossy green, in winter the chin is yellowish white.
Breast above, pale chesnut brown, streaked with black, the
centres towards one side of the feathers being of that colour;
in winter it is paler, and mixed with white at the edge;
below the breast is white, and in front of the wings are
several rounded feathers, edged broadly with rich velvet black.
The sides of the breast are grey, pencilled with irregular bars
of darker. Back on the upper part, glossy black, and the
lower part deep greyish brown, undulated with white.

The wings are dark brown at the point; greater wing coverts,
glossy black at the base, white at the ends; lesser wing
coverts, white, deep brown near the shoulders; primaries,
brownish black; secondaries, glossy black at the base, the

EED-BEEASTED MEEaAlTSEE. 103

remainder white; two conspicuous white bands are formed
by these and the others across the wing; tertiaries, white,
edged narrowly with glossy black. Tail, greyish black; it
consists of sixteen feathers, the shafts of the feathers are
very strong; upper tail coverts, white, with grey waved
pencillings; under tail coverts, white. Legs and toes, bright
reddish orange; webs, darker reddish brown.

The male in summer assumes temporarily the plumage of
the female.

The female is rather less in size than the male. Length,
about one foot nine inches; bill, dark orange reddish brown;
iris, orange red. The head and crown, on which latter the
feathers are darker, and at its back elongated, are reddish
brown; neck behind and nape, also reddish brown; chin,
paler brown, or greyish white. Throat and breast on the
upper part, white, spotted with dusky, the centres of the
feathers being of that hue, below the breast is white; the
sides blackish grey, the edges of the feathers paler. Back,
brown, or blackish grey, the edges of the feathers paler.

Greater wing coverts, dark brownish black, ended with
white; lesser wing coverts, brown; primaries, dark brownish
black; secondaries, dark brownish black, the ends white,
forming with the tips of the greater coverts two white bands
across the wing — a double speculum, as it were; tertiaries,
white, but broadly edged with dark brownish black, and
except on one or two the white is impure. Tail, brownish
grey; upper tail coverts, brownish grey; under tail coverts,
white. Legs and toes, dull orange reddish.

When first hatched the young are dark brown above, below
white, the sides of the neck reddish.

The young male afterwards resembles the female, but is
brighter coloured. The bill is pale red, the ridge of the
upper mandible horn-colour, the head dark brown, the crest
very short, the chin nearly white, but tinged with brown.
The lower part of the neck grey, tipped with white; the
back of the neck grey; breast, dull white, the flanks grey;
back and lesser wing coverts, hoary grey; primaries, dark
brown, the outer webs black; secondaries the same, except
six, which are broadly tipped with white, forming the specu-
lum, which, when closed, has a dark wedge-shaped mark
across it. The wings underneath mottled with grey and
white; under tail coverts, grej. Legs and toes, dull orange,
the joints tinged with dusky; the webs dusky grey.

104

GOOSANDER.

DVN DTTER. SPABLIN& POWL. SAWBTLL. JACK-SA^.

Mergus merganser, LiNN.EUS. Gmelin.

" castor J Pennant. Bewick.

Mergus— A Diver. Merganser— A word of the ^composite order,*

from Mergus— A Divew Anser — A Goose.

The Groosander is indigenous in Iceland, Finland, Lapland,
Sweden, Denmark, Russia, and Norway; and likewise is known
in Poland, Hungary, Grreece, Italy, Prussia, Pomerania, France,
Holland, Switzerland, and Germany.

It belongs to North America, extending from Hudson's
Bay over the United States, also to Greenland.

In Asia it wanders from the Black Sea and the Caspian
Sea, to Tartary, Siberia, and Japan.

In Yorkshire the Goosander has been met with occasionally,
that is to say, in severe winters, in the neighbourhood of
Halifax; also in the East Riding. In Oxfordshire it is often
met with on the rivers during severe frosts, but seldom in
milder w^eather.

One, a female, of which Mr. W. Brooks Gates has written
me word, was shot at Weston Favell, near Northampton, the
first week in February, 1855. One also in the same county,
by the gamekeeper of Lord Lilford, in the beginning of 1850.
It occurs but rarely on Croxby Lake, Lincolnshire, the Rev.
R. P. Alington has informed me. It has been shot too at
Burleigh, near Stamford. In Cornwall its occurrence is rare.
One was obtained at Scilly, the end of December, 1853.
Several have been killed at Penryn Creek, Falmouth.

In Shropshire one was shot near Shrewsbury, on the River
Severn, by the gamekeeper of J. A. Loyd, Esq., the first week

G^oosA^"DER. 105

of January, 1850. In Nottinghamshire, 'on December 17th.,
1844, a Groosander took up its abode on the Trent, and stayed
some weeks. It was not shy, and when fired at with a gun
merely dived below the surface of the stream, and re-appeared
after a few seconds. When observed unmolested, its manners
were pleasing and amusing, as it swam leisurely on the water,
pecking and pruning its plumage, or occasionally dipping
underneath. The Trent was partly covered with ice, and it
would disappear near the edge of a large piece, and after
diving under it perhaps for fifty yards, again come to the
surface. Several individuals have been shot off the river.'

These birds were very numerous along the coasts of Norfolk,
Suffolk, and Essex, in the winter of 1829-30. They are of
frequent occurrence, that is to say young birds, the old ones
being only met with in very severe w^eather. One at G-uyhirn
Wash, on the 7th. of December, 1849. They occur near
Yarmouth occasionally, in hard winters. In the county of
Durham a pair of Goosanders, male and female, were shot
on the Tees, near Stockton, the middle of March, 1853. The
former was found to have part of a gold ear-ring in its
gizzard: what was its history? November 1st., 1852, one
was shot near Belvere Castle, Leicestershire. It has also
occurred in Surrey, near Godalming; and likewdse in Dorset-
shire, Northumberland, Sussex, and Kent. These birds are
now and then exposed for sale in the London markets.

It is not uncommon in the Hebrides, and breeds in those
islands — North Uist, and others. The Kev. G-. Low has
mentioned also that it used to do so in Orkney. It seems
to be now only a winter visitant there.

In Scotland it is not uncommon in the county of Sutherland.

In Ireland they are unusual visitants at the same season.

These bii'ds frequent the sea-coast, and the mouths of rivers,
the course of which latter they follow up in quest of food;
and also inland lakes.

The vernal migration of this species takes place in February
or March; the autumnal in November. The former to, the
latter from the north.

In the autumn and winter they assemble in small flocks
of about six or eight. They are sociable among themselves,
but do not mix by choice with other water-fowl. The Eev.
James Smith, of the Manse of Monquhitter, by Turriff,
Aberdeenshire, writes the following particulars of this bird in
the 'Zoologist,' pages 2295-6. 'While the male almost uni-

106 aOOSAKDEE.

formly takes wing on your approach to the river, the female
rarely or never does so, but with a hoarse and as it were
suppressed kind of croaking, makes off for the opposite side,
sunk deeply in the water, and hurrying rapidly down the
stream. Should she be surprised unexpectedly, or pressed more
hardly and perseveringly than usual, she finally dives, makes
her way rapidly under the water, and emerges silently at a
very considerable distance from the spot where she went down.
The male, on the contrary, although he gets upon wing with
apparent difficulty, moving at first like a stone skimming the
surface of the water, ascends, nevertheless, to a great elevation
in the air, describing a circle of extended diameter, and only
alighting again after more evolutions than one, and when the
danger is apparently over.' They are wild and wary birds.

On the land they are but ungainly in their movements,
but can, nevertheless, proceed in a rapid manner, if occasion
require. Swimming and diving are their most natural occu-
pations, and these they perform with ease and grace. They
swim low in the water. Meyer adds, *when the Groosander
dives in open water, it re-appears generally from fifty to sixty
yards from the spot of its disappearance; but in places where
there is only a small opening in the ice, it repeatedly comes
up in the same place. The bird is said to remain frequently
under water for two minutes, and it has been seen to walk
about at the bottom in pursuit of food.' They fly with great
ease, and in a rapid manner, and can proceed for a considerable
distance.

They feed on fish and the smaller reptiles.

The call-note of the Groosander resembles the word 'carrr,
earrr,' and the young utter a piping cry while yet unfledged.

The Groosander builds on small islands in fresh-water lochs
in the neighbourhood of the sea, and near the water's edge.

The nest, which is placed under the cover of bushes, in
long grass, among stones, or in the hollow of the stump of
a decayed tree, is large altogether, being raised to a height
of seven or eight inches, on a mass of dead weeds, but the
inner and more finished part is only about seven inches
and a half across, and four in depth. It is composed of dry
grass and small roots, rather neatly twined together, and lined
with the down of the bird.

Tlie eggs, of a long and oval shape, are from four to six,
seven, or eight, and, Yarrell says, ten or fourteen, in number,
or more, though rarely; if removed from the nest, as many

GOOSAKDEE. 107

as thirty have been successively laid: their colour a uniform
buff white or cream yellow.

The female has been seen to carry her young on her back,
in the same way as described of the Swan. She leads them
to the water as soon as they are hatched, or carries them
thither in her bill if the nest has been built in the hollow
of a tree, and at once commences their education.

The males appear to leave the females when the latter
have begun to sifc, and do not rejoin them till the summer
is over: while absent they are only accompanied by one oi*
two females, if any.

Male; weight, about four pounds; length, two feet two
inches and a half to two feet three or four inches. The bill,
which is long and rather slender, serrated on the sides, and
hooked at the end, is bright red, the upper mandible edged
with black, the tooth horn-colour; iris, carmine red. Crest,
towards the back of the head, the feathers on the crown
being long and loose, and neck on the upper part, behind,
and nape, black, glossed with green; sides of the head, chin,
and throat, dull black. When this bird is alive the breast
on the upper part is tinged with a beautiful roseate hue;
when this fades the colour remains of a rather pale, though
decided buff salmon-colour; the remainder of the breast is
white, but the sides on the extreme lower part are waved
with grey and white. Back on the upper part, fine glossy
black, on the lower part brownish grey.

The wings in breadth reach to three feet two inches; the
upper border of the wing is black; greater wing coverts,
grey, with some white, and tipped with rich buff orange;
lesser wing coverts, white; primaries, dusky velvet black,
with ash-colour on the inner webs of some of the inside
ones; secondaries, white, bordered narrowly with greenish
black on the outer webs; tertiaries, also white, bordered
narrowly with dusky velvet black. The tail is dark bluish
grey, the shafts dusky: it consists of eighteen feathers;
upper tail coverts, brownish grey. The legs, which are
placed far back, and the toes, rich orange; webs, darker
orange red.

The female is not so large as the male. Bill, dull purple
red on the sides, the remainder of both mandibles black,
the edges finely serrated; iris, purple red. The crest is long
and pendant. Head, crown, and neck on the upper part,
ferraginous, or pale reddish brown, the former darker than

108 GhOOSAl^rDT^Il.

the last named; the feathers at the back of the head
are elongated. Nape, grey; chin and throat, white; breast
on the upper part and sides, grey, the former tinged with
yellowish buff, the edges of the feathers paler, and the latter
undulated with pale brown. The lower part of the breast
>s white, with a tinge of buff. Back, deep bluish grey,
(vith a tint of brown. Greater wing coverts, greyish white
at the ends of some, or white; the lesser wing coverts have
the lower row tipped with black, otherwise they are bluish
grey; primaries, dusky black. Six of the secondaries are white
at the ends, forming the speculum; tertiaries, grey. Tail, grey;
upper tail coverts, grey; under tail coverts, white. Legs and
toes, reddish orange.

The young resemble the female till after the first moult.
The blackish green feathers on the head and upper part of
the neck are the first distinguishing marks that are acquired.
The full plumage is not attained till the second year.

PQ

CD

P

O

<^

Pi
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109

GREAT CRESTED GREBE.

TIPPET GBEBE. CAEGOOSE. LOOIS".

Colymhus cristatnsy Ltnn.ecs.

Fodiceps cristatus, Pennant. Montagu.

Colymhus — A Diver. Cristatus — Crested.

The Great Crested Grebe is very plentiful in Holland and
Germany, and belongs also to Iceland, Sweden and Norway,
Italy, France, and Russia. In Asia it has been observed about
the Caucasus and in Siberia, Asia Minor, and Japan. Also in
Africa, both north and south. It belongs likewise to i^orth
America, advancing southwards from the Fur Countries, as far
as Mexico, through the States.

This singular-looking bird is indigenous in many parts of
the country, videlicet, in Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Shropshire, and
Wales. Its occurrence has been noticed in Cumberland. In
Yorkshire, one was procured near Doncaster, the beginning of
1837. They are sometimes obtained in Oxfordshire, in the
neighbourhood of Weston-on-the-Green. One in Berkshire, near
Hungerford, in February, 1808. In Hampshire, one was seen
on the Southampton Water, the end of March, 18-19. In
Surrey one, a young bird, was captured near Reigate, on the
28th. of February, 1849. An adult male was shot in the month
of June, on the Lincolnshire fens, Mr. William Felkin, Junior,
of Carrington, near Nottingham, has informed me. It has
occurred also on Croxby Lake. In Sussex, three near Battel,
one of them the beginning of March, 1848. In Northampton-
?hire, one was shot on the 27th. of January, 1855, on the
Kiver Nene, as I am informed by the Hon. T. L. Powys;
he adds, that it has also occurred at Blatherwycke Park, the
seat of Augustus Stafford, Esq., M.P. In Norfolk four were

110 GliKi.1 CKJESTFD GUEBE.

shot near Yarmouth, on the 14th. of April, 1851; they are
common on the Broads, and breed there: twenty-nine were
collected in the same county, in the months of April and
May, 1851, by Eichard Strangwayes, Esq.; one at Diss Mere,
the end of July, 1834. One of these birds, a male, was shot
in February, 1850, at Blyth, in Northumberland. One on the
27th. of November, 1852, near Henley-upon-Thames, in Oxford-
shu-e. In Cornwall, they are not uncommon off the coast in
winter; also in Devon.

In Wales, Mr. Dilhvyn has noticed this species in G-lamor-
ganshire.

In Scotland, it is considered rather a rare winter visitor.
They breed in the Hebrides.

In Ireland, it is a perennial resident on the larger lakes,
but is only occasionally seen.

Their haunts are lakes, ponds, rivers, and creeks of the
sea, if these indeed are bordered v^ith reeds and other such
covert. In winter frost and ice send them down to the
mouths of rivers and the coast.

Towards evening this species becomes active and lively,
having previously been disposed to float about quietly, with
the head drawn back on the plumage.

They migrate in small and large flocks of from seven or
eight to fifty or more, during the night, taking advantage ot
warm weather. When ^Gaffer Winter' is creeping on, they
pass to the south, and in March return in pairs to their
intended breeding-places.

The skin of the breast of this Grebe has become a fashionable
substitute for fur, and several were exhibited accordingly in
the Great Exhibition of 1851. They appear to go in small
numbers of eight or nine in the water. One of these birds
has been kept on the water in St. James' Park, London.

These birds can fly w^ell, and to a distance of a couple of
miles or more; but during the time that they are engaged
with their nest, they resort exclusively to diving, in which
they are perfect adepts, for security, raising the head only
above water to breathe, after a stretch of a couple of hundred
yards. They do not excel in w^alking or running, but swim
admirably, and dive with remarkable quickness: they float
low. ^ The female, 'if disturbed from her charge, seldom, rises
within gunshot, and if a boat be stationed to intercept her,
will tack about and alter her course under water, without
rising to breathe.'

GEEAT CRESTED GEEBE. Ill

Their food, procured bj diving*, is made up of small fish
and young irr, Crustacea, water-insects and their larvse, small
frogs, tadpoles, and parts of plants; and ^it is a remarkable
fact that the specimens obtained of this species, invariably
prove to have feathers in their stomachs, from the breast of
the bird itself.'

The note sounds like the words ^cuck, cuck, cuck,' and
'craserr, craserr.'

The Loon breeds in fresh water, and makes its nest, such
as it is, early in the year — in the month of April. It is a
Tery large and careless mass of weeds, flags, and other water-
plants, partly sunk under, and partly raised above the water,
the top being slightly hollowed. The general width is about
a foot or a little over, the height about half as much.

The eggs are three or four, and occasionally five. Four
appears to be the usual average number, but one of them is
generally addled. They are concealed by fragments of rushes
placed over them, and if these be removed others are added.
Their colour is white or greenish white.

Yarrell says, 'The parent birds are very careful of their
young, taking them down with them for security under their
wings when they dive.' According to Meyer, the birds pair
for life, and haunt the same nesting-place year after year,
toth assisting in the work of nidification. The young swim
about as soon as hatched.

If the nest or eggs be taken, the bird continues laying
over and over again.

Male; weight, about two pounds and a half; length, one
foot nine inches to one foot ten; bill, dusky along the top,
the base vermilion red, the tip pale horn-colour; between the
bill and the eye is a bare red space, that is to say, in the
breeding-season, for afterwards it fades to a dusky colour. Iris,
bright but pale crimson or pink red; over the eye is a white
streak. Forehead and crown, greyish brown; the crest of this
bird, which is long and silky, is erectible at pleasure, but
ordinarily stands out backward like two long ears; it is as
the head, the sides of which shade into yellowish red and
white, and a ruff round the neck, displayed at pleasure, bi'ight
ferruginous, edged below with glossy greyish black, often with
purple and green reflections; the back of the head and the
neck next to the rufl' are of a che:>nut red and brownish
black colour; nape, dusky brown tinged with grey, and (ften
glossed with green and purple. Chin, throat, and breast

112 GBEAT CRESTED GBEBE.

above, orange buif of a paler or richer tint, which fades alter
death; below, silver}'- white, the sides dashed with brown and
chesnut. Back, dusky grey, with here and there green and
purple reflections.

The wings expand to the width of two feet six inches;
lesser wing coverts, dusky brown; primaries, dull black;
secondaries, white, forming an oblique bar across the wing
when closed, but most visible when the wings are extended;
tertiaries, buif orange, of a paler or deeper hue: they have
on their outer webs a narrow black edge. Tail, short, and
dusky greyish brown. The legs are deep greyish green on
the front, and behind pale yellowish green, the scales forming
a double ridge. The full plumage and crest are not acquired
until the end of the third year.

In the female, which is not so large as the male, the
bill is dull vermilion at the base; the crest is a little smaller.
Head on the back, the feathers being long, loose, and some-
what hackled, crown, and neck, reddish brown; chin and
throat, white; breast, yellowish white above, grey on the
sides, below yellowish white, but sometimes tending to
orange buff. The greater wing coverts are broadly tipped
with white; primaries, greyish black; secondaries, partly
white, exhibiting a speculum of that colour; tertiaries, deep
greyish black; the shafts black. Legs and toes, dull reddish
orange.

The young are at first clothed in reddish brown and
greyish white down. Mr. Yarrell says *For some time after
they are hatched, the young chicks have their bills mottled
black and white; the head and neck ornamented with long
dark stripes on a ground colour of dull greyish white; the
upper surface of the body dark brown, with longitudinal
stripes of light brown; the whole under surface white.'

In the immature plumage, the eye is yellow; there is but
little crest under two years; the forehead is white, and on
the front of the head and the neck are numerous dusky
zigzag lines; the red about the head is wanting, and there
is a dusky streak in front of and under the eye; the sides
*re dashed with yellowish brown.

113

EED-NECKED GHEBE.

Colymbns ruhricoUis, Gmelin.

" sribcri status, Gmelin.

Podiceps rubricuUis, Latham.

Colymbus — A Diver. RubricoUis. Ruber — Red. Coltis — The neck.

The Eed-necked Grebe is common in Sweden and Denmark,
Holland, France, Switzerland, and Italy; as also in Germany,
and the eastern countries of Europe. In Asia, it appears to
be found in Japan and Persia.

In North America it was noticed by the lamented Sir John
Franklin, during his expedition in 1822; and Audubon relates
that it occurs in the Bay of Fundy, and in different parts
of the United States.

It is for the most part a sea bird, but occurs also fre-
quently on lakes, ponds, and rivers, and in these latter it
nidificates, as mentioned hereafter.

In Yorkshire one was obtained in full plumage, in
September, 1852, off Bridlington Quay, by Mr. H. C. Weaver,
of Newark, who records another killed on the banks of the
Trent, about two miles above Newark, Nottinghamshire.
Another was obtained on the Trent between Burton and
Stapenhill, in April, 1849. In Devonshire, five specimens
occui'red at Slapton Ley, early in the year 1809. In the
same county a fine one was killed near Barnstaple, in February,
1850. And one at Teignmouth in January. I have a speci-
men in my collection which, many years ago, 'once upon a
time' I am sorry to say, was shot off the coast of the adjoining
county of Dorest, near the village of Charmouth. It is not
an uncommon species along the Northumbrian coast, by the
Fern Islands, and other parts; also on that of Durham.
In Gloucestershire one, also a young bird, near Bibury, in
January, 1850. In Surrey, near Godalming.

In Norfolk three were shot al Yarmouth, in January,

VOL. VIL I

114 EED-NECKED GBEBE.

1828, but they are deemed very rare. It is, however, a
regular visitant in early spring, and late in the autumn, and
it occasionally happens that a pair of these birds remain
and breed in the county. One occurred at Smiingham, on
the 26th. of January, 1848. One, in^ breeding plumage,
near Yarmouth, the beginning of April, 1848; and one
shortly afterwards at Skottow. In Kent, two were procured
in April, 1786; and one, in after years, at Sandwich, in
October. In Essex, this species has occurred at Saffron
Walden. In Cornwall, a specimen was procured near Pen-
zance, in the beginning of April, 1850. One previously in
Falmouth harbour, and one at Looe. In Cumberland, one
was shot near Ulverston, towards the end of February, 1838.
In Oxfordshire, one near Henley-upon-Thames, in the wunter
of 1850. One in Derbyshire, on the Derwent, near Derby,
in the beginning of 1844. In the county of Buckingham
a Q.ne specimen of this bird, in winter plumage, was shot
at Sanderton, near Eisborough, on the 10th. of October, 1848.
In Berkshire, a Eed-necked Grebe was killed at Burghfield,
in May, 1792. In Kent, one in Stan gate Creek, near the
mouth of the Medway, the 6th. of February, 1849.

It is a common species in Scotland, on the Frith of Forth.

In Orkney this Grebe is not uncommon in the winter. It
has been observed so early as the 26th. of September.

In Ireland it is considered extremely rare; has been met with
in the county of Dublin, and also at Belfast and other places.

They appear not to be shy, until compelled by frequent
alarms for their safety to become so.

They can fly well, but are only able to accomplish 'plain
sailing,' owing to the shortness of their wings. In swimming
and diving they are perfect adepts, and if pursued, merely
raise the bill above the surface for respiration. It is asserted
that in diving they do not use their wings, thus threading
their way better through the masses of weeds.

They feed on small fish, insects and their larvae, and appear,
like the other species, to swallow feathers plucked from
themselves.

The note is a mere 'cack, cack,' varied at times in their
hours of pastime, into a sort of gabble. They appear, however,
to be fond of making the most of it, at least in the way of
quantity.

The nest is made among reeds, flags, and rushes, on the
borders of fresh-water lakes and ponds, and is composed of

EED-NECKED aEEBE. 115

the said materials. It is placed upon the water, and attached
to the growing vegetation.

The eggs of the Eed-necked Grehe are either white, or
white with a slight tinge of blue or green, clouded, Selby
says, with deep brown. They are four or five in number.

Several pairs of these birds breed in the same locality.

The male and female both assist in the construction of the
nest, and shew much affection for their charge. The young
take to the water as soon as they are hatched.

Male; weight, from about eighteen or nineteen ounces, to
twenty-three; length, one foot four and a half, or from that to
one foot five inches and a half or one foot six inches. Bill,
dusky black, or dark horn-colour, except about the base, which
is reddish yellow, and the under side of the lower mandible
is of the latter colour; in winter the red becomes pale yellow.
Iris, fine orange red. The crest, which is short, the feathers
being a little lengthened on each side of the upper part of
the head, and capable of being extended or not at pleasure,
the forehead and crown, rich blackish brown, in winter tinged
with grey; the sides of the lower part of the head greyish
white. Xeck on the back, and nape, dark greyish black; the
sides and front of the neck, rusty yellowish red; chin and
throat, white, or greyish white. Breast on the upper part,
and below, silvery greyish white, turning to brownish grey,
with some dusky streaks on the sides. Back, dark greyish
or blackish brown; the tips of the feathers being greyish
brown, the remainder blackish brown.

The wings are very short; greater and lesser wing coverts,
dusky blackish browm; primaries, dark, nearly black to^vards the
tips, the remainder dark tawuiy brown; secondaries, mostly white,
and some with more or less black on the outer webs, one or
two of the first, that is, towards the outside of the wing, have
the tips only white, gradually increasing on each; tertiaries,
dusky blackish brown. Under tail coverts, greyish brown. The
legs are broad and flat, edgeways towards the front. They
are greenish black on the outer part, and on the inner dull
yellowish green; toes, the same; lobes, dusky on the outside.
Female; bill at the base, dull yellow. Crowm, neck on the
back, and nape, dusky; throat, white. Breast above, pale
reddish rust-colour, mixed with some dusk}-; below, dusky
white. Back, dusky.

The young have the head and neck dusky brown, the chia
and throat greyish white; the back paler than in the adult.

DUSKY GJI.EJ3E,

scla.tonia:n" GREEE. IIORXE'D oredf.
nOliXED DABCHICK. ELACK AND -WHITE DABCDICK,

Colymhus obscurus.

Gmelin.

" Caspicus,

Gmelin.

" cornutus,

Gmelix.

PocUceps cornutusy

Latham.

" obscurus,

Latham.

" Caspicus,

Latham.

Co/ymfctts— A Diver. Cornutus-

-Horned.

Cornu—A hern

This Grebe is found in Europe in Iceland, and occurs in
France, Germany, Holland, Switzerland, and Italy. In Sweden
it breeds, as also in Sclavonia, whence one of its names. In
America it ranges from Hudson's Bay and the Fur Countries,
Canada, and the United States, to Florida, and is a generally
distributed species. It is found likewise in the northern parts
of Asia, and about the Caspian Sea.

The places that it frequents are both the sea-coast and
its inlets, lakes, and large ponds.

A fine immature specimen of the Sclavonian Grebe was
found on the 22nd. of October, 1853, in a disabled state
by the side of the railway near Stockton-on-Tees, having
evidently flown against the telegraph wires, as many other
birds have at different times done, the result being a fatal
'shock to the system,' the ^electric wire' being at one and
the same time a 'conductor' thereof, and a 'non-conductor' to
them.

^ One of these birds, of which W. Brooks Gates, Esq. has
given me an account, was taken in the parish of Weston
Favell, near Northampton, in January, 1855. Another, a

-^f^^^- ^

x^^^^

.5^

err-*--

DUSKY GRSBE.

DTTSKT aBEBE. 117

young bird, at Piddinghoe, in Sussex, the end of January,
1850. One also in Lancashire, on a reservoir at Beswick.
In Oxfordshire, several have been killed near Oxford, in the
winter months; some also, though very rarely, during summer.
In the county of Durham, one was shot on the Tees, near
Stockton, on the 13th. of November, 1852. The young
bird is not uncommon on Breydon, near Yarmouth, Norfolk,
in the winter, being a regular visitant to that county; an
adult was met with in May, 182G. In Lincolnshire, Mr.
Alington records it as occurring on Croxby Lake; it has
also been procured elsewhere. In Cornwall, one was killed
near Truro, May 4th., 1796. Also in Devonshire.

In Sutherlandshire this Grebe is a permanent resident,
and throughout the whole of Scotland, for it occurs all the
way to the Border; it is in the winter that it is usually
observed. Sir William Jardine has frequently shot th3
species on the Annan, in Dumfriesshire.

In Orkney, it is, though in small numbers, a constant
inhabitant. It was formerly common about the Loch of
Aikerness, and is still occasionally seen about the Loch of
Stenness. It is more frequently observed in the immature
state than in the adult plumage. It belongs also to Shetland.

In Ireland, a few individuals have occui-red in the counties
of Meath and Kildare.

In Wales, Mr. Dillwyn has noticed the occurrence of a
specimen at Penrice, near Swansea; it was shot by C. R. M.
Talbot, Esq., M.P.

The annual migration of this species takes place in April
and May for the north, and in October and November for
the south : it is conducted by night. The birds go in flocks
of thirty together.

Meyer says, *It is a remarkable fact in the character of
this species, that it generally swims about near the shore,
and scarcely ever dives on the approach of danger imtil it
has become imminent.' It certainly appears not to be so shy
or alarmed at danger as the common species, but as soon
as danger is apprehended the bird is down in an instant.
More than three or four are seldom seen together. The
male and female exhibit much conjugal affection.

It seems that these and other Grebes, when they have
young, dive with them sheltered under their wings. They
go to a great distance, when alarmed, beneath the water,
and it is said take wing on emerging to the surface.

118 DUSKY GBEBE.

These birds feed on shell-fish, Crustacea, insects, and parts
of plants, procured by diving. They also appear to swallow
some of their own feathers at times.

The nest of this species is large — a mass of reeds, sedge,
and other water-plants, placed by the edge of the liquid
element, or floated on the surface among the rushes or other
such vegetation that there has its natural growth.

The eggs appear to be from two to four or five in number*
They are of a white colour, with a faint tinge of blue.

Male; length, one foot one inch and a half; the base of
the under mandible is pale yellowish pink, the tip, greyish,
the remainder black; the space between the bill and the
eye is rich yellowish chesnut red, or orange buff- colour, and
this bar goes behind the eye, growing gradually broader;
iris, yellow in the centre, surrounded with bright crimson
red, the pupil bordered with white; the eyelids and the
feathers round the eye and those that compose the double-
horned tuft on the back of the head are of a bright orange
buff-colour; the tufts are somewhat erectible, and stand out
like two ears. The forehead, dull ferruginous; the crown,
the ruff that surrounds the head, its sides, and the upper
part of the neck, are dusky black, with a reflection of purple
or green; in winter dark brown; neck in front and on the
sides, bright ferruginous orange chesnut; on the back part
and the nape, dusky, or blackish grey dashed with ferru-
ginous, the feathers having paler margins. Chin and throat,
dusky black, with purple and green reflections, and a little
mottled with white, in winter white; breast on the upper
part, bright ferruginous orange chesnut, darker on the lower
part; below silky white, the sides intermixed with dusky
and orange ferruginous; in winter the breast on the upper
part is greyish white. Back, blackish grey, the edges of
the feathers being paler than the remainder; in winter it is
dark greyish brown.

The wings extend to the width of one foot ten inches;
greater and lesser wing coverts, dark brown; the primaries
are dark brown; the secondaries are tipped with white, forming
a conspicuous bar across the wing when opened; the tertiaries
ai-e in winter greyish brown. Under tail coverts, white. Legs
and toes, blackish grey on the oater part, and pale yellowish
or greyish brown tinged with pale yellowish grey on the inner.
^ In the autumn, from the base of the bill a stripe of chesnut-
tipped feathers goes over the eyes to the back of the head;

DirSKT GBEBE. 119

the head on the crown is dull black, on the sides mottled
with black and white, not quite meeting behind the head;
reck in front and on the sides, mottled with dusky and chesnut;
throat and breast, silverj white. Back on the lower part,
mottled with dusky and chesnut.

The female is of less bright colours and size.

The young, when first hatched, are covered with grey down.
The bill is dusky, the base of the lower mandible and the
tip pale horn-colour; head on the sides white, on the croAvn,
i]eck on the back, and nape, dark ash-coloured with a tinge
of brown; chin and throat, white; breast, silky white, the
sides grey. Back, dusky brownish grey, the margins of the
feathers palei. Legs and toes, dusky, darker on tlie front than
the back part

EASED aEEBE. 121

places in the county. One at Sutton the end of April, 1849.
In Durham one near the lighthouse, by the Tees' mouth,
12th. of April, 1846. A pair of these birds were shot on
a pond by Peperharow Park, near Godalming, Surrey. In
Oxfordshire a fine male specimen was shot on Port Meadow,
near Oxford, the end of April, 1843. In the month of
June, 1847, a specimen was captured on the Isis near
Sandford in full summer plumage. The bird has been pro-
cured near London, one at Hampstead, and two near
Kingsbury, Middlesex, in 1841. One at Duxford; also in
Dorsetshire and Sussex. Others have occurred in the winter
months.

In Orkney this Grebe is stated by Mr. Clouston to be
not rare. One was shot near Kii'kwall in October, 1852,
by J. H. Baikie, Esq.

In Scotland a few specimens have occurred. Eobert Grray,
Esq., of Glasgow, has sent me notice of one met with at
Dunbar.

In Ireland it is extremely rare, but has occurred in the
county of Dublin.

They dive to perfection, and are equally 'au fait' at
swimming.

They feed on water-insects and their larvge, tadpoles,
young frogs, and water-plants, obtained principally by diving.

The bird before us builds its nest of and among reeds
and rushes, and places it by the edge of a pond.

The eggs are of a pure white colour, sometimes with and
sometimes without a tinge of blue ; the surface is rough.
They are of a regular oval shape, widest in the middle, and
tapering towards each end. Their number, three or foui-,
or, Selby says, four or five.

Incubation is said by Meyer to last three weeks.

Male; weight, nineteen ounces; length, one foot to one
foot and one inch. The form of the bill readily distinguishes
this species. It is gradually bent upwards to the tip which
is slightly reflected. The under bill reddish at the base,
the tip, and the whole of the upper bill, black; the tip is
slightly bent; the base flattened. Iris, rich deep orange red,
the eyelids edged with the same colour; behind the eye is
a triangular-shaped patch, presently described; forehead, sooty
black. The head on the sides has two tufts of long narrow
feathers of pale yellow or bufi*, passing into deep orange
chesnut. Crown, neck on the back, and nape, shining

122 EAEED GEEBE.

black; cliin, speckled with grey; throat, deep shining greyish
black. Breast, silky white, the sides shaded with dusky
and deep chesnut red. Back, dark brown.

The wings measure one foot ten inches across when
extended. The secondaries are tipped with white, most
visible when the wing is open. The legs are in front dusky
greenish, and behind greenish ash-colour.

The female, generally speaking, resembles the male.

123

DABCHICK.

DOBCHICK. LITTLE GEEBE. BLACE:-CHIX:N~ED GEEBE.
DIDAPPEE. DTJCKEE. DIPPEE. S:m:ALL I)0IJCE:EE. LOOS'.

Colymbus Hehridicuf, Gmelin.

Podiceps minor, Pennant. Montagu.

** HehridictUf Montagu. Bewick.

Colymbus — A Diver. JBefcrfcficus— Belonging to the Hebrides.

This small species is common in Europe, in Switzerlaudy
and is found in France, Italy, Holland, and Germany.

It is noticed also at the Cape of Good Hope, and iu,
other parts of South Africa. In Asia it appears to exist
likewise in the same latitudes.

The Dabchick is very generally distributed over the British
Islands, and though more commonly seen perhaps in winter
than in summer, appears both in the extreme north and the
farthest south at all seasons.

Its natural home is the water, both the open lake and the
village pond, the gently flowing river and the still pool, the
narrow streamlet and at times the edge of the open sea.
In winter, when the frost has shut the door of its natural
larder, it betakes itself to the salt water, if within reach,
and is then to be found in bays and sea-side pools.

In the ^Zoologist,' page 1601, J. H. Gurney and W. E.
Fisher, Esqrs., relate that more than one specimen of the
Little Grebe were taken about the 14th. of December, 1846,
in the streets of Norwich; and on the 23rd., a gentleman,
who was passing about eleven o'clock at night along the
street, was surprised by a bird of this species suddenly
striking against the wall near a gas-lamp, which was above

124 DABCHICK.

him, and immediately afterwards falling upon his head. In
Norfolk they are not uncommon at Yarmouth and elsewhere;
also in Lincolnshire. In Nottinghamshire they occur on the
Trent. In Cornwall they are plentiful on Swanpool, near
Falmouth.

In Scotland the species is equally common as in England,
in Sntherlandshire, Dumfriesshire, and other parts, and is
commonly met with in the Frith of Forth; likewise in
Shetland and Orkney. So also in Ireland it is indigenous.

In some parts of the country the Dabchick disappears, so
it is said, in winter. In Yorkshire it is constantly seen at
that season, as well as in summer, except indeed when its
usual places of haunt are frozen up, and then, as a matter
of course, it is obliged to quit them for a time. In frosty
weather they are compelled from the larger pieces of stand-
ing water to the running stream.

This Grebe is naturally shy, but becomes accustomed to
the sight of passers by the water that it inhabits, and its
quick movements in diving may be watched not far off with
little disturbance of its proceedings. They occasionally enter
the sea close to the shore in those places where their
accumstomed haunts are adjacent to it.

The Dabchick, like some other birds previously mentioned,
has the power of sinking its body under the water, the head
only and tail being kept out, and of then submerging itself,
if need be, and diving off to some distance, when -it rises
as suddenly as it went down, and with a shake of the
head, urges itself on its way. If suddenly startled, it is
curious to see how ^instanter' it vanishes with a quick
plash; and this is even more especially to be admired, if it
has risen to the surface after having been before alarmed,
when, if the cause of disquietude is still visible, its descent
again seems but a continuation of its upward movement.
It is able to remain under the water for an almost
incredible time, if need be, and when anxious to escape
from threatening danger, rarely resorts to flight, though it
will do so at times, but endeavours to conceal itself after
the first alarm among the tangled plants that fringe the
margin, or carpet the floor of its native element.

If alarmed they dive, this, as just said, being the mode
of escape they prefer to attempt. They are spirited birds,
and when taken will attack any object within their reach.
The young, when hatched, presently take to the water, and

DABCHICK. 125

swim about with their parents to be fed, diving also with
innate readiness.

I have only seen these little things fly close over the
water, with trailing legs, dappling the surface as they have
gone along. They have however been observed flying at a
height of from six to ten feet. Their flight is tolerably
rapid. It is on and below the surface of the water, however,
that they are most at ease, and every movement is charac-
terized by the most consummate dexterity and facile quickness
and agility: the most expert waterman that skulls his skiff
on the Thames or the Isis, is but an humble and unskilful
imitator of the Dabchick. In moving straightforward the
wings are used to aid their progress, as if in the air, and
in turning *it has an easy gliding motion, feet and wings
being used as occasion requires, sometimes on one side and
sometimes on the other.' This species walks but indifferently,
as may readily be imagined from the position of the legs,
so very far back.

It is pleasant to watch the parent bird feeding her young.
— Down she dives with a quick turn, and presently rises
again with, five times out of six, a minnow or other little
fish, glittering like silver in her bill. The young rush
towards the spot where the mother has come up, but she
does not drop the fish into the water for them to receive,
until she has well shaken it about and killed it, so that it
may not escape, when for the last time in its own element.
I have seen a young one, which had just seized, out of its
turn I have no doubt, the captured prey, chased away by
her, and pursued in apparent anger, as if for punishment,
the following one being willingly given the next fish without
any demur. I have noticed the old bird feeding the young
one so late as the 14th. of September. Small fish or young
fry comprise their ordinary food, together with shrimps and
marine insects, when sojourning fur a while by the sea.
Plants are also made use of, and some of the leathers of
the bird itself are swallowed. A Dabchick was found dead
at Witchinghamj in Norfolk, apparently choked by a bull-
head fish, which it had been swallowing, the spines being
seen sticking in its throat. Other similar instances have
very often occurred.

The note of this interesting species is a lively, pretty, and
sonorous, though somewhat shrill, chirruping, quickly repeated.
It is uttered when on the wing in the spring, as well as

126 DABCHICK.

when on the water at other times. It has been likened to
the sound made Ly drawing a stick across a rail.

The nest of the Dabchick, which is placed at a little
distance, often as much as twenty or thirty yards, from the
water, on or among any plants that grow near the sides of
rivers, lakes, and ponds, is composed of short pieces of roots,
reeds, rushes, and flags, and a considerable quantity of these
is occasionally put together, sometimes to the height of a
foot or more; when dry the whole naturally becomes very
brittle. It is seldom raised more than an inch or two above
the water, so that, except in hot seasons, it generally is
quite soaked with water.

The hen bird may be seen pecking about her while on the
nest. It is related that until tho latter is finished she is in
the habit of sitting at night on a similar but smaller tuft
which she has raised by its side.

The eggs are four, five, or six in number, oval in shape,
tapering towards each end, and dull white in colour. The
bird is in the habit of covering them over with weeds when
leaving the nest for a time, at least, as soon as they are all
laid; and it would further appear that the covering is not
then removed, but that she sits on both it and the eggs:
they become a good deal stained in consequence. The period
of breeding is about the middle of May.

The young take to the water immediately on being hatched.

Male; weight, between six and seven ounces; length, from
nine inches and a half to ten inches; bill, black, the tip
paler, a light horn-colour; the upper mandible is straight,
the under one angular; in winter the lower mandible is paler
than the upper; the basal part of both is yellowish or
yellowish white; iris, deep reddish brown. Head on the
crown, neck on the back, and nape, dark brownish black,
glossed with green; the head on the sides is chesnut red:
in winter all these are brown. The feathers about the head
are soft and flexible, and capable of being puffed out or
laid flat at the pleasure of the bird. Chin, dull black, also
with a tinge of green. Throat and breast, dull but glossy
silvery greyish white, with a tint of black; on the sides
dusky brown. Back, rusty blackish brown, with a tinge of
dull greenish, shading towards the sides of the breast into
a paler tint, which is continued down to the flanks. In
winter the back is brown — the lower part is paler than the
upper.

DABCHICK. 127

The wings in the stretch are about one foot four inches;
primaries, dark brown, in winter some of them are greyish
white; secondaries, white at the base and on the inner webs,
apparent when the bird is flying; in winter they are greyish.
Legs and toes, dull blackish green, the insides paler, and
with a tinge of yellowish red. They are large in size in
proportion to that of the bird.

The plumage of the young chick is dark brown on the
head, neck, and back, with longitudinal streaks of pale
yellowish brown; the breast silvery white. In the first year's
plumage the bill is pale yellowish brown at the tip, the
remainder brownish horn-colour; the head, neck on the back,
and nape, rather pale brown, with a mixture of grey snd
rufous; the sides of the neck still lighter, eventuating in
reddish grey; the chin white; the breast greyish white; the
sides clouded with brown.

128

GREAT NORTHERN DIVER.

KORTHEElSr DIYEE. IMBEE. GEEAT DOUCKEE. EING-NECE:ED

DIYEE. V

Colymbus glacialis.

Pennant. Montagu. Bewick.
Fleming. Selby. Jenyns. Gould.
Pennant. Montagu.

Coh/mbus-A Diver. Glaciolis—Of or belonging to ice.

This Great Diver is in Europe found in Iceland, Spitz-
bergen, the Faroe Islands, Russia, Norway, Sweden, Denmark^
Lapland, Finland, Holland, Switzerland, Germany, and France^
but in the latter only rarely in comparison with the former,
and in Italy a single specimen is all that has occurred.

In America in Labrador, Greenland, the Fur Countries, and
thence on to the United States.

In Cornwall one was taken in May 1828, near Polperro^
and two remained near Looe the whole of that' summer.
They are not uncommon on that coast in winter. Two were
seen off East Looe on the 25th. of October, 1852, and one^
no doubt of the same pair, a female, was shot on the 8th. of
November. In the following year, in the month of December^
they were unusually abundant in that locality, ten or a
dozen being not unfrequently seen at a time, and in one
instance upwards of thirty. Several were seen in Plymouth
Sound in December, 1850, and two of them were shot. One,
a male, was obtained in Carrack Road, Falmouth, in March^
1845, and another in January, 1846; one in Gwyllyn Yase
Bay, in December, 1847; and on the 28th. of December,
1848, two others were seen there. One has visited the bay
every year for several years in May. Near Penzance in like
manner they have occurred — one in October, 1844; two in
October, 1849. They are met with in the immature plumage

GEEAT NOETHEEN DITEE. 129

on the Hampshire coast in the winter months not very rarely.
One was seen close to Haslar in March, 1853; and another,
as I am informed by the Eev. J. Pemberton Bartlett, was
found in the New Forest, near Fordingbridge, Hampshire, in
January, 1851. It attacked the man who found it in a
fierce manner.

One, in immature plumage, in the possession of Mr. ChafPey,
of Dodington, Kent, was killed near Sheerness about the
year 1842. Others near Maidenhead and Pangbourne, Berk-
shire, in 1794, and near J^s'ewbury in 1810. One, a young
bird, of which Horace Waddington, Esq., of University
College, Oxford, has written me word, on the Isis, between
Godstowe and that city. Another w^as found in a garden at
Headington Hill, near Oxford, one morning, after a remarkably
stormy night, in October, 1824.

In the county of ISTottingham specimens occasionally occur
on the Trent. In Buckinghamshire a young specimen was
found alive in a deep ditch at Pisborough, on the 9th. of
May, 1850. It was kept for some time at Chequer's Court,
the seat of Lady Frankland Pussell, and was then removed
to the gardens of the Zoological Society. Several were driven
on the Devonshire coast, five of which were procured — one of
them a male in full plumage; one at Torbay, in December,
1850. They are not very unusual in winter along that shore,
as also all the way from Kent to [N'orthumberland, by Essex,
Sufi*olk, Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, and Durham. In the county
of Cumberland, Mr. Heysham says that immature birds occur
at the like season on the rivers near the Solway; and in the
month of January, 1835, one was killed at Talkin Tarn, near
Brampton. In Sussex one was picked up on the 20th. of
the same month on the top of a high ridge of the Chalk
Downs, in the parish of Becldingham. In 1821, one was seen
on a pool in Westwood Park, near Droitwich, Worcestershire,
the seat of Sir John Pakington, Bart. A fine specimen was
met with in Bedfordshire, on the Eiver Ouse, the 4th. of
February, 1830. In Surrey three specimens have occurred
near Godalming, two on Frensham Pond, and one on Old
Pond. Specimens are occasionally shot on Breydon Broad,
near Yarmouth, Norfolk; the young birds are the more common.
The winter is the most productive season; in the summer
they are very rarely seen. One at Thornham about the 4th.
of December, 1851.

In Scotland the Great Northern Diver is not very unfre-

VOL. VII. K

180 GREAT ISrOfiTHEEN DIYEB.

quent on the Banffshire coast. It also inhabits the northern
parts of Sutherlandshire; and Mr. Selby mentions that a pair
were observed near the mouth of the Durness Frith in full
summer plumage. One was shot off the mouth of the Spey,
which was found to contain no fewer than nineteen flounders
and a salmon-trout. In Orkney, as before mentioned, young
birds are common at all seasons of the year, and old ones,
which are more abundant in wdnter, are not unfrequently
seen in summer, and are therefore believed to breed in the
islands, that is, some pairs, for the generality leave about the
latter end of May or beginning of June. In the Hebrides,
Mr. Macgillivray mentions that they were observed in plenty
till the beginning of that month. In Shetland, too, the bird
is, or rather used to be, plentiful. Mr. Eobert Dunn shot
one in Hammer Yoe, in the parish of Northmaven, on the
2Sth. of June. It was in perfect plumage, and he was
informed that it had been there all the summer.

In Ireland it has occasionally occurred on the Wexford
and other shores, and Dr. Fleming has recorded the occurrence
of one off the coast of Waterford, in the month of July,
1816. Thomas Eyton, Esq., of Eyton, mentions its appear-
ance in Xorth Wales; and Mr. Dillwyn has noted it in the
vicinity of Swansea.

The sea is mainly the resort of this species, but it is
occasionally found on rivers, and breeds on the larger ones
and inland lakes;— this chiefly within the polar circle. St.
Kilda's ^lonely isle' is one of their more southerly stations.

They are very shy in their natural habits, nevertheless they
have been kept for some time in confinement, when well
supplied with water. They are courageous as well as powerful
birds, and the blows that they are able to give are formidable
from their size and strength.

Montagu says, ^A Northern Diver, taken alive, was kept
in a pond for some months, which gave us an opportunity
of attending to its manners. In a few days it became extremely
docile, would come at the call from one side of the pond to
the other, and would take food from the hand. The young,
when only a day or two old, are led to the water by their
mother.

The following account is quoted by Yarrell, as given by
Mr. Thomas Nuttall, of Boston, who kept another for some
time:— ^A young bird of this species which I obtained in
the Salt Marsh at Chelsea Beach, and transferred to a fish-

GEEAT ^'OEinEEX DITEE. 131

pond, made a good deal of plaint, and would sometimes
wander out of his more natural element, and hide and bask
in the grass. On these occasions he lay very still until
nearly approached, and then slid into the pond and uttered
his usual plaint. AVhen out at a distance he made the
same cautious efforts to hide, and would commonly defend
himself in great answer, by darting at the intruder, and
striking powerfully with his dagger-like bill. This bird, with
a pink coloured iris, like albinos, appeared to suffer from
the glare of broad daylight, and was inclined to hide from
its effects, but became very active towards the dusk of the
evening. The pupil of the eye in this individual, like that
of nocturnal animals, appeared indeed dilatable; and the one
in question often put down his head and eyes into the
water to observe the situation of his prey. This bird was
a most expert and indefatigable diver, and remained down
sometimes for several minutes, often swimming under
water, and, as it were, flying with the velocity of an arrow
in the air. Though at length inclining to become docile,
and shewing no alarm when visited, it constantly betrayed
its wandering habits, and every night was found to have
waddled to some hiding-place, where it seemed to prefer
hunger to the loss of liberty, and never could be restrained
from exercising its instinct to move onwards to some secure
or more suitable asylum.'

These birds have the faculty of sinking the body below
the surface of the water if suddenly alarmed, the head and
neck alone being extant. AYhen diving for food, one minute
appears to be the usual length of time that they remain
below; less, of course, if successful in their pursuit. It is
said, however, by Meyer, that they can remain underneath
the surface for the long space of three minutes and a half,
and that when pursued, the bird manages to dive with ease
for one hundred and fifty or a couple of hundred yards.
In swimming and diving the legs only appear to be used
in general, and not the wings, though the latter are also,
according to Audubon. They progress with very great speed
if pursued, and dive with instantaneous quickness. They
resort to this mode of escape in preference to attempting
flii^ht, no doubt for the reason elsewhere spoken of. Mr.
Selby asserts, from observation, that they can swim at the
rate of more than seven miles an hour. They consort
together in small parties of four or five. They are often to

132 GREAT JJ^OETHEEN DIYEH

be seen floating and drifting on the water as if asleep, the
head pillowed back among the feathers. In the roughest
weather they are equally at ease, and fish among the heavy
surf with fearless confidence. They cannot walk, properly
speaking, but are only able to shufiie along, neither can
they rise on the wing from the ground. Even on the water
they are obliged to scurry forwards for some distance befoi^
being able to get up. This is ^accompanied by a frequent
repetition of its call-note. When a party of six or eight
of these birds rise together, they mount high in the air, and
follow one another in a line.*

They fly in a strong and able manner, and Dr. Richardson
observes that when on the wing they advance swiftly. If
their nest be threatened, they exhibit natural alarm, and
wheel in circles round the intruder.

They feed on small crabs and Crustacea generally, frogs,
insects and their larvae, flat-fishes, herrings, sprats, and other
kinds of fish. The smaller ones they gorge whole, the larger
they are obliged to swallow piecemeal. They destroy, as will
readily be conceived, a great quantity, so that where they
are sojourners, their absence rather than their presence is
desiderated by the fisherm.en. In stormy weather they sufl'er
much from want of food, their prey having probably removed
into deeper water.

The note, which is loud and plaintive, is said by Meyer to
resemble the words 'who, who,' or Svhee, whee,' frequently
repeated. Other sounds are also uttered, both of a deep and
a high character.

The nest of this fine bird is placed close to the water's
edge, so as to admit of an immediate retreat, if necessary, to
that element.

The eggs are two, or sometimes, according to Audubon,
three in number. Their colour is a dark olive greenish brown,
with a few spots of a darker shade, or purple reddish.

Both birds take their turns in sitting, and when the young
are hatched, continue an equal and watchful care over them
as long as it is required.

Male; weight, twelve pounds, or as much as fourteen; length,
two feet six to two feet nine inches; bill, black, the tip paler,
it is ^nearly three inches long, much compressed, tapering,
ihe upper mandible gently arched, the lower one channeled
beneath, and deepest in the middle, the angle sloping gradually
upwards to the point.' Iris, red. Head, crown, neck, nape,

GEEAT KOETHEEN DIYEK. 133

chin, and throat, deep black, with strong reflections of green
and purple; on the front of the upper part of the last-named
there is a crescent-shaped band, and lower down on each side
an oblong space of the same colour, barred with black, the
feathers having raised white margins. Breast, white, streaked
on the sides with dusky greyish white, the feathers having
raised white margins. Back, dusky, spotted all over with
oblong, oval, and round spots of white; each feather has two
spots, one on each side of the shaft near the tip, forming
rows.

The wings extend to the width of from four feet eight
inches to five feet or more, the axillary feathers white, with
a black streak down the centre of each; greater and lesser
wing coverts, black, with the white spots smaller than on the
back; primaries, black; the tertiaries end in white. Tail,
black; upper tail coverts with small white spots. Legs and
toes, dusky black on the outer surface, and greyish on the
inner; webs, dusky black.

It would appear that at the autumnal moult the bird re-
assumes the dress of the young. (See 'Zoologist,' page 2775.)

In the autumn the dark feathers of the head and neck are
more or less replaced by white ones, and the back becomes
likewise beautifully spotted by the feathers being tipped with
white.

The female is not so large as the male.

The young are at first covered with black down; subse-
quently they have the upper bill dusky grey, the lower one
paler, and are dusky grey on the back and upper parts, the
breast being white. When nearly full grown, the young male
has the bill pale horn-colour, the lower mandible much paler
than the upper one; iris, reddish brown. Head, crown, neck,
and nape, greyish black, with a tinge of brown; chin, throat,
and breast, white. Back, deep brown, the edges of the feathers
paler, and of a grey tint. Legs and toes on the front, light
greenish brown.

* After the second general moult,' says Mr. Selby, 'a dark
band appears on the middle of the neck, and the upper
plumage becomes darker, losing the pale grey edges that
distinguish the young of the year, and a few white spots
begin to shew themselves. The succeeding moult developes
still more the bar and neck collar, and the head and neck
become darker, or of a blackish green, speckled upon the
chin and throat with white. The upper plumage also acquires

134 GEEAT NOHTHEE]^ DIYEE.

its glossy black lustre, with the accompanying quadrangular
white spots.'

The plumage appears not to be completed till the third
year.

Sir William Jardine writes, *In another specimen further
advanced, we have the under parts still pure, all the upper
plumage darker, and advancing further on the neck and
breast, sparingly intermingled with the black and white
nuptial plumes, particularly on the wings; the tail tipped
with white; the bill slightly darker than in the last. In
the third specimen, when we are inclined to believe that the
perfect plumage is going off, we have the head and neck
dark, clouded with grey above, and very much waved with
white on the chin and throat, the striated collar distinctly
apparent; the under surface pure white, the upper with a
large proportion of the distinct white marking, but inter-
mixed, particularly along the middle line of the back, with
apparently new dark feathers, having grey margins as in the
young.'

The plate is from a drawing by John Gatcombe, Esq., of
Wyndham Place, Plymouth. It is one of the best figures
of a bird I have ever seen.

135

BLACK-THEOATED DTVER.

LESSEE IMBEE. ]S"0ETHEE:N' DOTJCKEE. SPECKLED LOOK.
Colymhus arcticus, Linn^US.

Colymhus — A Diver. Arcticus — Eelonging to the Arctic region.

This beautiful Diver is common in IN^orway on the lakes
on the higher parts of the mountains, and the same remark
applies to Finland, Sweden, and Lapland. It is noticed
besides in Holland, Russia, Germany, France, Switzerland,
and Italy; and belongs also to Asia, being seen in Siberia,
Karatschatka, and Japan; and in America occurs from Hud-
son's Bay to the United States, but in the latter not so
commonly as in the more northern districts.

A specimen of the Black-throated Diver was killed near
Purfleet, on the Thames, the 21st. of January, and another,
a male, on Barton Pond, Norfolk, the end of January, 1850;
one also, an adult male, about the middle of January, 1848,
on the River Wensum, at Taverham; a pair on one of the
Broads in the year 1832. In Essex, one at Chesterford,
the middle of January, 1850.

In Yorkshire, two were shot off Scarborough by Mr. T.
Chapman Broune, of Leicester, in the year 1850. In Norfolk,
it is sometimes met with in winter, but has been very rarely
procured in summer plumage. In Lincolnshire, a fine specimen
was obtained at Trillingham Pond, near Lincoln, the 2I;th.
of January, 1850. One of these birds was killed near Sitting-
bourne, Kent, in 1840, of which Mr. ChafTey has written me
word. One was found dead at Thornham, on the Norfolk
coast, in October, 1855. In Sussex, an immature specimen
was obtained at Pevensey, in November, 1850. A male, a
young bird, was shot in February, 1850, at Blyth, in North-

136 BLACK-THROATED DITER.

umberland; another off Cullercoats on the 5th. of February,
1848; in 1830, a fine mature specimen was killed at Tweed-
mouth, and several young ones along the shore and upon the
E/iver Tyne: others on the Durham coast.

It has occasionally occurred on Frensham Pond, near
Godalming, Surrey. In Cornwall it is very rare; one was
shot on Carrack road, in January, 1846; others at other
times: so also in Devonshire. Young birds are occasionally
obtainable in the London markets. A very beautiful specimen,
a male, was procured on the 2nd. of June, 1842, in Sandwich
Haven, in the county of Kent. In Oxfordshire, a young bird
of this species was shot near Cassington, in the winter of
1828.

In Scotland, this Diver occurs from north to south, but
least numerously in the latter. Sir William Jar dine has seen
three or four in a day on the Frith of Forth. A few still
breed on some of the lakes of Sutherlandshire — Loch Assynt,
Loch Shin, Loch Laighall, Loch Awe, and elsewhere.

In Orkney some remain throughout the year; a few have
been shot of late at South Ronaldshay, Scapa, Kirkw^all,
Sanday, etc. So also in the Hebrides: North Uist is a
breeding-place. The species is a winter visitant to lona.

In Ireland it is very rare; the county of Dublin has fur-
nished a specimen, and it has also occurred in the north.

As soon as the ice begins to break up in the spring, within
twelve hours, it is said, of open water being seen, they betake
themselves to secluded inland lakes, to make their nests in
due time, but thence return again to the sea when they have
young ones able to accompany them; — 'Yer non semper viret.'

They are very shy and wary birds, and though unwilling
to take wing, dive on the most distant appearance of danger.
They can, however, fly strongly and well, and in the summer,
when they have young, may be seen at a vast height bringing
fish from some other lake to their nest. They descend very
suddenly, and in a slanting direction. They are extremely
attentive to the wants of their young.

The skin of this bird is highly valued by the Esquimaux
for its warmth and beauty, and is accordingly converted into
articles of wearing.

The Black-throated Diver swims and dives with infinite
dexterity, and has also considerable powers of flight available
on occasion, both as regards quickness and the distance of
progression: the wings are widely extended and rapidly beaten.

BLACK-THHOATED DITEE. 137

Mr. Selhy says that he has known one remain under water
for several minutes together, coming up at nearly a quarter
of a mile from where it had gone down, and that at the
rate, as he supposed, of not much under eight miles an hour.
On the ground it can only shuffle along for a short distance.

They feed on fish, frogs, water-insects, and portions of plants.

The note of this bird is wild and of a melancholy sound,
and is heard at a great distance.

The nest is naturally placed close by the brink of the
water. It is made of a few straws or stems of plants, placed
in a hollow formed or increased by the bird for the purpose.

The eDfojs of the Black-throated Diver, usuallv two in
number, are laid on the bare earth, two or three yards from
the water's edge. They are of a dark yellowish olive brown
colour, with darker or blackish spots.

Male; length, about two feet four inches; bill, dark bluish
black; it slightly turns upwards. Iris, red; forehead, dark
grey; crown, neck on the back, and nape, rich light ash
grey; the neck on its sides and lower part behind is streaked
lengthwise with black and white lines, giving it a raised
appearance; these marks are caused by white margins to the
feathers, which otherwise are black. Chin, throat, and neck
in front, rich dull black, the latter with a fine reflection of
purple and green, observable when viewed in a side light,
but crossed on the upper part by a collar of short striated
black and white lines; breast, white, the sides waved with
black streaks, the flanks dusky; back, nearly black with green
reflections; on the upper part are two long patches of square
white spots; spreading from near the base of each of these,
on either side, descend the long scapular and tertiary feathers,
crossed, as presently mentioned, with fourteen or fifteen bars
of black and white.

The wings have the axillary plume black; greater and
lesser wing coverts, black, with a few specks of white, the
tips of the feathers having a triangular-shaped mark of that
colour; primaries, dusky black; the tertiaries have a square
patch of white on each side of the shaft, by which a series
of bars is formed across. Tail, nearly black, the sides greenish
black; under tail coverts, dusky. Legs and toes, dark blackish
brown in front, paler on the inside with a reddish tinge.
Webs, pale dusky.

This species experiences a partial moult in the sprnig, and

138 BLACK-TITBOATED DIYEE.

the black on the throat is at first varied with some white
feathers.

The female is a little less than the male.

In the bird's first year, the head and neck on the back
are grey; throat, white; back, deep brownish grey, margined
with lighter grey.

At the next moult the head and nape become purer grey,
and some black feathers shew themselves on the hind part of
the neck. The back becomes darker, and a few black feathers
become apparent here also.

The full plumage is not attained till the end of the third
year.

139

EED-THROATED DIVER.

SPEAT L002T. EArS- GOOSE. SPECKLED DITEB, (TOr>'-G.)

CoJymhus septentrionaUs, Pennant. Montagu. Bewick,

** stellatus, Pennant. MoNTAGr. Bewick.

striatuSf Gmelin.

CoIi/mhus—X Diver. Septentnonalis—Belougmg to the north.

The Eed-throated Di^er is another very fine and slriking-
looking" bird.

In iSTorway it is a very common species, and is to be seen
on most of the lakes and fiords, both salt-water and fresh,
but chiefly where the latter prevails. It also belongs to
Finland, Lapland, Denmark, Sweden, Russia, and Kamtschatka,
the Ferroe Isles, and Iceland, and has been taken on the
coasts of Holland, France, and Italy, Greece, and in Switzer-
land. In Asia, M. Temminck assigns it to Japan, and it is
said also to occur in Siberia, Tartary, and along the shores
of the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, and the Sea of AzofF.
Likewise in America in various parts of the northern half
of the continent, on the shores of Labrador, Boothia, the
Bay of Fundy, Hudson's Bay, the Bay of Boston, and along
different other shores and lakes of the United States — thub
also in Greenland.

The young occur in the winter along the Cornish coast,
more or less commonly. One adult w^as shot near Pennance,
February, 2nd., 1845. Immature birds more frequently tliere
and at Gwyllyn Yase. In Devonshire they also are not un-
common, and the same observation applies to the counties of
Kent, Essex, Sussex, on the coast of which many appeared
in the winter of 1795, as recorded by Montagu; Hants,
Durham, and Northumberland. Specimens are often on salt-
in the London markets. One was caughi on the Cumber-
land coast on the 1st. of May, 1831;.

140 EED-THEOATED diyee.

In Oxfordshire it is occasionally found in the neighbourhood
of Weston-on-the-Green, in winter. I once had one shot near
Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire: others have been procured there
also. They are very common on Breydon, Yarmouth, Norfolk,
in winter, and are occasionally met with in summer plumage
on the coast of that county. Several near Lynn the beginning
of 1852.

One of these Divers, an immature specimen, was shot at
Blatherwycke, in Northamptonshire, and another fell to the
gun of the Hon. T. L. Powys, on the 5th. of May, 1855.
In the spring of the same year, one, in winter plumage, of
which J. R. Little, Esq. has written me word, was shot near
the Whittlesea Wash, in Cambridgeshire. In Lancashire one
was caught near Lytham, in a snare set for rabbits, by one
of the gamekeepers of Talbot Clifton, Esq., December the
10th., 1849. In Nottinghamshire one was killed near Mel-
bourne, on the 31st. of January, 1846, during the very
severe weather that occurred that season. Again, in another
inland county, one was shot in the Severn opposite the
Deanery at Worcester, about the 1st. of December, 1847,
and two others afterwards in the same neighbourhood.

Eight individuals of this species were discovered at Clandon,
near Godalming, Surrey, the 14th. of October, 1848, and one
of them, a young bird of the year, was secured. One was
also shot near Guildford, on the 18th. of the same month;
in all probability one of the same party. In Derbyshire
one appeared in the beginning of 1844, on the Derwent,
near Derby, and was secured.

In Yorkshire one specimen is reported by Dr. Farrar, as
having been shot in Woolley Park, in the West Biding, the
seat of Godfrey Wentworth, Esq., in July, 1833; a second
was found at Banks Hall, near Barnsley; and a third was
shot at Staincross. Several have been taken near Sheffield
in^ winter, some at Hebden Bridge, and others near Doncaster
and Huddersfield. One at Harehills, near Leeds, in January,
1829; another on the Biver Ouse in 1838. The immature
bird is not unfrequently obtained near York.

This species breeds in the northern parts of Scotland, in
Sutherlandshire. Mr. Selby saw a pair of old birds there in
June, 1834, which evidently had a nest. Sir William Jardine
has shot the bird on the Biver Annan, in Dumfriesshire,
fifteen miles from the sea. So it does also, or used to do,
in the Orkneys, where it is not rare. It is most plentiful

REB-THEOATET) DITEE. 141

m Hoy, on which island the nests used to be found; also in
the Hebrides and Zetland. In Wales Mr. Dilhvyn has recorded
its occurrence.

It appears to be common also in winter in Ireland, on all
the north, east, and west coasts, and has been met with at
Youghall, in the south.

The proper home of this Diver in winter is the sea-board,
but it not unfrequentlj advances to a considerable distance
up rivers. It has thus been known to pass London *via' the
Thames^ but I may, I think, take it for granted that th'i
journey must have been made during the night. In summer
they resort to inland waters, seeking for the quiet of such as
are secluded.

They come southwards in October and Novembar, and
return northwards early in March.

As many as from twenty to twenty-five or thirty of tliese
Divers, and all old ones, have been seen together in a flock.
Most commonly, however, with us, small numbers or single
birds are to be seen, *rari nantes in gurgite vasto.' Thej
appear not to be particularly shy.

They fly with rapidity, with the neck stretched out, and
often at a great height, in the night-time, and also in the
day. On the land they are completely out of their element,
being unable either to stand or walk. They appear to be
not undisposed to take flight if pursued, but the other mode
of escape is commonly adopted. They dive with all the quick-
ness of the rest of their tribe, and can advance below the
surface to a distance of eighty or ninety yards.

They feed on sprats and other fish, frogs, and spawn, as
also, it appears, on portions of plants. *He fishes alone, and
when he is thus employed, and when the sea is running high,
he invariably awaits the approach of the gigantic wave; and
as it appears about to break upon him, he quietly makes his
dive beneath it: having done this wuth the most graceful
ease, he comes up again in a spot where the water is at the
moment calm.'

Their note is a wild, loud, and melancholy wailing cry.
It has been expressed by the syllables 'kakera, kakera.' Whea
^uch given utterance to, it is considered to prognosticate
rain, from which supposition one of the provincial names of
ihe bird is derived. Meyer expresses the sound by tlie svUahlpa
*ah' or *ech.'

The situations chosen bv this species for kying are by small

142 EED-THROATED DIYEE.

pools on low islands in the sea, the margins of inland lakes,
and islets in them, and watery places on higher grounds.

The nest is nothing more than a few rushes or blades and
gtalks of grass, with leaves and moss, mixed, Selbj says, with
the down of the bird. It is placed among the stones or
gravel close to the water's edge, so that if need be, the bird
can slide at once into its all but native, and at all times
natural and congenial element.

The eggs are two in number, and equally rounded at both
€nds. They are of a dull brownish green colour, rather thickly
spotted with dark brown.

Male; weight, nearly three pounds; length, two feet and a
quarter, or a little over; bill, dark bluish horn-colour; the
upper mandible is straight, the lower one somewhat angular
in outline; iris, red; head on the sides and crown, the latter
the darkest, and neck on the sides, bluish grey, variegated
with paler spots and lines; neck on the back, and nape,
almost black, but marked with short lines of white, which
give these parts a striated appearance; chin, grey, also
variegated with paler spots and lines. The throat has an
angular-shaped dark red, or reddish brown patch, the base of
the angle lowermost, the apex upwards; breast, white, the
flanks greyish black, the centres of the feathers darker; back,
very dark brown, nearly black, spotted with white, each
feather having a paler margin. The wings reach, when ex-
tended, to the width of three feet five inches; greater and
lesser wing coverts, nearly black, spotted with white; prima-
ries, black. The tail, dark blackish brown, the tip white;
under tail coverts, white; legs and toes, dark brownish green
in front, the former paler behind, and tinged with purple
blue; webs, dark brown.

In the autumn, and also it would appear in the spring,
the slate-coloured plumage on the sides of the head, chin,
and sides of the neck, as likewise the red plumage on the
front of the throat, is interspersed with the white feathers;
the feathers on the back are also a mixture of the old
brownish grey ones, and the new ones of a blackish grey,
with an oblong white spot on each side of the tip of the
feather.

It seems, in fact, that this species is subject to two moults
in the year, for it is unquestionable that in some instances
the red throat is characteristic of the winter, as well as of
the summer plumage; on the other hand, so very many more

EED-THROA.TED DIYEB. 113

specimens occurring in the winter without than with the red
throat, would seem to militate against this supposition, inas-
much as not all of them can he supposed to be young bird?,
at all events not of the year, only two eggs being laid in
the year.

The female is not so large as the male, and the spots on
her plumage are not so distinctly defined. Length, one foot
nine inches; in the young bird the bill is grey, with a tinge
of yellowish red; iris, reddish brown; head, crown, neck on
the back, and nape, grey, finely streaked with greyish white;
throat: and breast, white, the flanks marked with grey spots
of an angular shape ; back, dark brownish, or blackish grey,
the edges of the feathers paler at the tips. Primaries, deep
dusky brown; legs, greyish green in front, the inner sides
paler.

Selby observes, 'after the second moult, the grey upon the
head, cheeks, etc., acquires the tint of the adult; and a few
red feathers are often found mixed with the white upon the
fore part of the neck. The upper parts assume a deeper
tint; the spots of white grow less, frequently changing to a
yellowish white; and as the bird advances to maturity entirely
disappear.'

In the above paragraph he is speaking of the young bird.

This species, as well as the allied one, has given rise, in
the different stages of its plumage, to erroneous opinions,
several kinds being made by authors out of two; but I trust
that the descriptions I have given of each will be found
sufficiently clear to identify the several birds, not only in
their more or less advanced states of plumage, but also in
the variations which occur in each at the earlier or later
periods of the year.

X44

GUILLEMOT.

SKOTJT. WILLOCK. SEA-HEN. TOOLTSH GTJTLLKMOT.

Colymhus Troile, I.atham. Stephens.

" " Shaw. Fleming.

Uria Troile, Linn.-kls. Gmelin,

" minoTf Stephens.

Colymhus — A Diver. Troile — .

Faielt lannched now on the waves of the mighty ocean,
a volume indeed of water, the land and th^ intermediate
shore, which, though belonging to both belongs to neither,
taken leave of, yet still, as will be seen, I have not 'cast
off the painter,' and I hope that by means of this ultra-
marine telegraph, a clear understanding may still be kept
up by my readers, of the forms and features of the wild
birds of the wild waters, whose portraits in their turn I
now proceed to give. In other words, having completed,
in the preceding volumes, the History of the British Land
Birds, Waders, and others which pertain more or less to both
land and sea, I now enter upon that of those which may
the most strictly speaking be called sea-birds. Tnily in
following them, though only with the eye of the mind, we
shall 'see the works of the Loed and His wonders in the
deep.'

The present species is frequent in Greenland, and about
Hudson's Bay, in North America, from whence some indi-
viduals advance as far south as the United States.

In Ear ope, they occasionally make their way from Nova
Zembla, the Ferroe Islands, Iceland, Norway, and Holland,
by the Straits of Gibraltar to Italy and Sicily; and in Africa,
in like manner, are found along the northern shores. In a
few instances the species is recorded to have occurred on the
lakes of Switzerland.

r

llM

.;(':

r M

,;l |.

GUILLEMOT. 145

Tlie Guillemot is ubiquitous on our coast?, being frequent
from Burlington to Yarmouth Roads, and thence to Dorset-
shire, and so on all round the island.

This bird has occurred in Oxfordshire, the Hon. T. L. Powys
has informed me; one was killed on the River Isis, at Sand-
ford, below Oxford, in October, 184:0. In the adjoining county
of Buckingham, one, a male, was caught in the Elver at
Fenny Stratford, on the 13th. of Xovember, 1852, during the
heavy floods which then prevailed; and there was another seen
at Simpson the next day.

In Scotland, they breed in vast numbers on the Island of
Handa, as also in Sutherlandshire and elsewhere; so they do
also on the Fern Islands off the Northumbrian coasts, and
at Flamborough Head, in Yorkshire.

They are equally abundant in the Orkney and Shetland
Islands, and the Hebrides. So too in Ireland are they
plentiful on all parts of the coast.

A few form.erly bred on the cliffs at Hunstanton, ISTorfolk;
some used to do so also near Tenby, in Wales.

The Foolish Guillemot is so called because it shews but
little apprehension of danger, and allows a near approach.
The observations I made on a similar derivation of name in
the ease of the Dotterel, may be seen in my account of that
bird, and they will apply equally to that of the species at
present under consideration..

In the places where these birds 'most do congregate,' numbers
sit side by side in rows, ^\nd when one flies a^way, all suc-
cessively take wing in such regular order that, when seen at
a certain distance, they appear as if they were actually strung
together; they never take wing in a body, but always one
after another. Again, when they can be seen sitting in a
long string on the edge of some cliff, their behaviour is most
amusing, for the bitds keep complimenting each other right
and left where they sit, and also welcome the new comers
by bowing to them, and uttering their call notes, which sound
like the words 'serrrrrr, merrrrrr, girrrrrr,' etc'

These birds are of sociable habits, both as regards their
own kind and other species, except, as mentioned presently,
in the matter of nidification, so to call it where no artificial
nest is made.

In the eighth volume of the 'Magazine of Natural History,'
I wrote some years since — 'I lately happened to have an
opportunity of observing a Guillemot diving in very clear

TOL. VII. L

146 GIJILLEMOT.

water, and was much struck with the great similarity of its
wings both in their shape and in its manner of using them
under the surface, to the fins of a fish, *remigium alarum;'
and in the water, instead of the air, the analogy loses none
of its force.'

They are excellent divers, and though bulky birds, swim
in a lightsome maDner. They fly quickly at a low height,
the wings being beaten with short repeated strokes: they
have some difiiculty in rising from the surface. 'During
the breeding-season they are generally compelled to make a
circuitous flight before they can attain a sufficient elevation
to reach the ledge of rock selected for that purpose.'

They feed on sprats, young herrings, anchovies, sardines,
and other fish, mollusca, testacea, and sea-insects.

Mr. Couch observes of the Guillemot, in his 'Illustrations
of Instinct,' 'I have watched with much interest the pro-
ceedings of this bird when capturing the stragglers of a
school of young mullets, and the admirable skill with which
their dispersion was prevented, until a full meal had been
secured. It is the nature of this bird, as well as of most
of those birds which habitually dive to take their prey, to
perform all their evolutions under water with the aid of
their wings; but instead of dashing at once into the midst
of the terrified group of small fry, by which only a few
would be captured, it passes round and round them, and so
drives them into a heap, and thus has an opportunity of
snatching here one and there another, as it finds it con-
venient to swallow them, and if any one pushes out to
escape, it falls the first prey of the devourer.'

Towards the end of March or beginning of April, they
assemble in countless thousands, with a view to lay and
hatch their eggs, and at times even darken the sea with
their prodigious numbers. When the work of incubation is
over, they repair in small parties to the sea.

The Guillemot makes no nest, but lays her single egg
upon the barren rock. Countless numbers of these birds
breed together on the rocks or cliffs that abut upon the
ocean, thinking there to find that security, which indeed
they would find were it not for the superiority of mind
over instinct. Incubation continues for a month. The old
bird is believed to convey her young down to the sea on
her back.

The eggs are very large in proportion to the size of the

GTTTLLElVfOT. 147

bird, and more than ordinarily narrowed at one end and
widened at the other. They vary in an extraordinary manner,
and a description of the principal varieties only would be
almost endless, 'adeo sunt multa.' Some are entirely white,
others more or less spotted with brown, and others again
bluish green, blotted and streaked with dark reddish brown
or black. Some are entirely green. 'The shape of the o^rg,
which is very tapering, prevents it from rolling off into
the sea; for when moved by the wind, or other circum-
stances, it only rolls round its own circle, without changing
its first immediate situation.' If the first egg be taken a
second is laid, and if the second, a third.

J. W. Pease, Esq., of North Lodge, Darlington, has favoured
me with drawings of a series of the principal varieties of the
eggs of the Guillemot.

In their breeding-places they choose separate ledges of
rock for themselves, apart and quite distinct from the other
kinds which rear their young in the same situations.

The young are able to take to the water when about five
or six weeks old.

Male; weight, from a pound and a half to a pound and
three quarters; length, one foot five to one foot six inches;
bill, bluish black: both mandibles are slightly notched near
their points. The inside of the mouth is rich yellow; iris,
very dark brown. Behind the eye a narrow line, formed
by a division of the feathers, runs backwards and down-
wards. Head, crown, neck on the upper part, nape, chin,
and throat, in summer dusky black; in winter the crown
of the head and back part of the neck are brown, or
mouse-coloured; the front white. The feathers are short,
and very close set. Breast, white, the flanks streaked with
blackish grey. Back, greyish black, more or less tinged
with brown.

The wings measure in extent about two feet three and a
half to two feet four inches; greater and lesser wing coverts,
dull black; primaries, dull black. The secondaries are dull
black, tipped with white, which colours form a bar across
the wings; tertiaries, dull black. Lei^s and toes, dusky brown-
ish black; lobes, dusky brownish black.

During the autumnal moult, so to call it, for it often begins
so soon as the end of June, or beginning of July, they frequently
lose such a number of the quill feathers as to be unable to Hy.

The female is slightly less in size than the male.

148 GUILLEMOT.

The young are at first covered with down of a blackish grey
colour, with white tips to the feathers, on the upper parts,
and white beneath. The bill is shorter, and the notch on each
mandible not so clearly defined.

. Theodore Compton, Esq. has given me a drawing of the
present species for the use of thift work.

BRTINNICB'S GUILLEMOT.

149

BRUNNICH'S GUILLEMOT.

THICK-BILLED GUILLEMOT. LAEGE-BILLED GTHLLEM-QT.

Uria Brunnichiif Flkmixo. Jentns,

** ^ Gould. Temmincfi.

Brunnichii — Of Brunnich.

The present species was first distinguished as a distinct
one by Brunnich, and subsequently named after that
naturalist bv Colonel Sabine.

In Europe these birds breed in vast numbers in Iceland,
and are also met with at the same time in the Ferroe
Islands, Spitzbergen, Norway, and Sweden, and thence
northwards throug^hout the Arctic regnons. In Italy one
was shot at Naples.

In America it occurs in and about Greenland, Baffin's
Bay, Davis' Straits, and other parts of the northern coast.

In Scotland, several have occurred in different places.

In Ireland^ Colonel Sabine noticed it on the coast of the
county of Kerry.

In Orkney, one was shot several years ago, and a specimen
was also seen off Unst, one of the Shetland Islands, by
Captain Sir James C. Eoss, R.N.

The eggs of this species are, like those of the common
kind, most variable in colour. The ground tint is greenish
blue. They are, Mr. Hewitson observes, less fantastically
streaked and blotted than those of the other, but sometimes
very regularly and beautifully u.arked all over with sm^ill
spots.

Male; bill, black, the base of the upper manJible nearly
white. It is somewhat thicker than in the other closely allied
species, but 41 poco piu' is all tha*- can be attached to its

150 BETJKN-ICH's aiJILLEMOT.

character, suffieiecfc however for the purpose of scientific dis-
crimination. Iris, small and dark, the line behind it only
extends backwards for an inch. Head, crown, neck on the
back and nape, dull black, the very close texture of the
feathers giving a peculiar tint to these birds. Chin, dull
black, descending on the sides; throat and breast, white;
back, dull black.

Greater and lesser wing coverts, dull black, their outer
edges grey; primaries, dull black; secondaries, dull black,
their tips white, forming a bar across the wing; tertiaries,
dull black. Tail, dull black. Legs and toes, bright coral
red; webs, bright coral red.

The female resembles the male in plumage.

The figure on the plate is from a di'awing by John
Gatcombe, Esq., of Plymouth,

■UILLEMOT.

151

PtINGED GUILLEMOT.

BEIDLED GUILLEMOT.

Una laclirymanSf Gould. Temminck.

Uria ? Lachrymans — Weeping.

This Guillemot derives its name, or, to speak more
accurately, its names, EDglish and Latin, from the narrow
white streak drawn backwards and downwards from the eye,
giving a fancied resemblance, as imagined by some, to a
bridle, and by others to the trickling down of a tear.
This is the only ostensible mark of difference between it and
the Common Guillemot, from wliich it w^as first, as it
appears, distinguished by Choris, and of which it has been
considered by others only as a variety, the two species, or
supposed species, being often found consorting together.

In Europe they breed on Grimsey, an island north of
Iceland; and they also occur on the coasts of Scandinavia.

The present species appears to be more common on the
Welsh coast than elsewhere in this country. In the county
of Norfolk one was shot at Yarmouth, on the 9th. of
October, 1847. They occur in small numbers on the York-
shire coast. Two were killed by Mr. William Felkin, Junior,
of Carrington, near jSTottingham, as he has informed me, at
Flamborough Head, near Bridlington. Also in the county
of Durham. In Sussex one was found dead in Seaford Bay,
in December, 1852.

A Bridled Guillemot was shot in Plymouth Sound, by
John Gatcombe, Esq., of Wyndham Place, Plymouth, in the
winter; and another was obtained in Plymouth Sound in the
latter end of the summer. In Hampshire, one at Srpe, in
the parish of Fawley, near Southampton, of which the liev.
R. E. Harrisson has written me word.

152 ErN"aED gtjillemot.

In Scotland ihej have been noticed on the Frith of Forth.
I am indebted to Mr. Thomas Edward, of Banff, for a notice
of the occurrence of this species at the rocks of G-amrie, seven
or eight miles from the former place, in June, 1850; the
first instance, as he apprehends, of its having been met with
in Scotland. He has since recorded, in the 'Banffshire Journal,'
another case of its occurrence in Deveron, close to Banff. It
was taken up in an exhausted and bewildered state, on the
18th. of February, 1852, after a heavy storm. Several specimens
have been shot in Orkney.

In Ireland two individuals had been obtained up to the
time of my 'going to press.'

These birds associate in small numbers with the other species,
but they appear of somewhat different habits, though not
seen by themselves, remaining on the water after the others
have taken flight, and then resorting rather to diving than to
flight for safety. They are altogether birds of the ocean, and
*What are the wild waves saying?' is a question which they
at all times know the answer to.

Mr. Strickland states that the bird breeds regularly at
Flamborough, whence he obtained the egg, but in smaller
numbers, and in places more difficult of access, than those
of the Common Gruillemot; and he adds that the eggs are
invariably white.

It would appear, on the other hand, from some observations
made by Alfred Newton, Esq., in the 'Zoologist,' pages 3495-6,
quoting from Mr. Proctor, that in the localities where these
birds and the common species build, those of the species before
us do so separately, and at a lower elevation.

This bird is rather less in size than the common one.
Male; length, about one foot five inches and a half; the bill,
which is black, is also rather more slender than in the common
species; iris, dark. The eye in this Guillemot has been noticed
by John Gatcombe, Esq., of Plymouth, as being considerably
larger than in the other; it is encircled by a narrow white
band or rim, from which the white line already spoken of
extends backwards and dow^nwards about an inch and a half;
this mark is seen both in old and young birds, in the male
as well as in the female, and in spring, summer, autumn, and
winter. Head, crown, neck, nape, chin, and throat, a dark
dull olive brown black; breast, white; back, dull greyish
black.

Greater and lesser wing coverts, dull greyish black; pri-

EINGED rrC^EMOT. 153

maries, dull greyish black; secondaries, dull greyish black,
narrowly tipped with white, forming a bar across the wing;
tertiaries, dull greyish black. Tail, greyish brown. Legs and
toes, brownish black; webs, brownish black.

IS^

BLACK GUILLEMOT.

COMMON SCRABEIl. TYSTE. SPOTTED GUILLEMOT.
GEEEI^LAND DOTE.

Uria grylle, Pennant. Montagu,

*' minora Stephens,

Cephus grylle, Fleming.

Uria—X bird supposed to be the Guillemot. Grylle. Grulle—

A groaning sound.

This species is found in Europe — in Iceland, Norway, Den-
mark, Sweden, Nova Zembla, the Ferroe Islands, Spitzbergen,
and occasionally in Holland and France. In America it
appertains to Greenland and Melville Island, and along the
continent occurs about Labrador, Baffin's Bay, and Hudson's
Bay, and so on to the United States, Maryland, and other
parts.

They have been seen on the shores of Dorsetshire, Hamp-
shire, Devonshire, Durham, Northumberland, the Fern Islands
in former years, though their visits there now would seem to
be 'few and far between,' and other parts of the country.

These birds are obtained on the Yorkshire coast, but not
plentifully; about the year 1816, Arthur Strickland, Esq. shot
one out of a small flock in the height of the breeding-season,
near the rocks off Flamborough Head. In Cornwall, the
bird has occurred at Grwyllyn Vase, but is rare.

The Black Guillemot is a permanent resident at Ion a; it
also occurs throughout the year in different parts of Scotland,
as on Handa, in Sutherlandshire, Inchkeith, and the Isle of
May. In Orkney it is very abundant, and a constant in-
habitant; as likewise in the Hebrides and the Shetland
Islands.

In Ireland, too, it is common, and in the Isle of Man,

K

elace: GriLLE:MOT. 155

Some, says Montagu, used to build near Tenbj, in Wales.
Pennant, in like manner, relates that in his time the species
had several breeding-places along the coasts of the Principality.

It is altogether a marine bird, and is scarcely ever seen
on land, except for the purpose of incubation.

These Guillemots are by no means shy, and may be taken
off their eggs with the hand. They associate in a friendly
manner among other species as well as among themselves.
They are readily tamed. The male and female appear to be
much attached to each other.

This bird is strong and able on the wing, flying at a low
elevation; so it is also, in its way, in diving, using its pinions
below the surface, as if in flight in the air. 'The Black
Guillemot,' says Macgillivray, 'sits lightly on the water, paddles
about in a very lively manner, dives with rapidity, opening
its wings a little like the other species, and moves under
water with great speed.' They appear to be able to keep
underneath for about two minutes.

They feed on small flsh and Crustacea, sea-insects, and
worms.

The note is said to be soft.

This species pairs about the middle of March, and the
eggs are laid in the beginning or more usually by the middle
of June. They are hatched in twenty-four days. The bird
sits very close, so as to be easily taken on the eggs. Two
or more couples have been known to lay under one piece of
rock.

The bare earth, or rather the bare rock, or a crevice in
it, is the only bed sought for by this species, for the purpose
of nidification. Mr. Hewitson writes as follows: — 'Ou some
of the islands which present a steep precipice to the sea,
they make use of holes or crevices in the rocks, in which
the eofDrs are laid at various distances from the mouth of
the hole — from one to two feet, which is most usual, to three
or four. On other islands less precipitous, it deposits tliem
in cavities under or between fragments of rock and large
stones, with which the beach is strewed. In one ph\ce
several pairs rear their young ones in crannies between the
stones which form the ruins of an old wall, on the top of
a single rock at sea, and at an elevation of fifty or sixty
feet above its surface. The Black Guillemot resorts annually
to the same holes.'

The eggs are two in number, and of a white colour, with

156 BLACK GTJILLEMOT.

u tinge of green, spotted, blotted, and speckled more or less
with grey, reddish brown, and very dark brown or blackish.
Mr. Hewitson has known one of a pink colour.

Both parents attend to the young until able to fly and
dive, when they forage for themselves.

Male; weight, about fourteen ounces; length, one foot one
and a half to one foot two inches. Bill, black; the mouth
inside, orange or yellow red; iris, brown. Head on the
crown, neck, nape, chin, throat, breast, and back, brownish
black, the lower part with a gloss of green. There is an
oval patch of white in front of the shoulder of the wing.
In winter, the head on the sides, neck on the back, and
nape, have the feathers bordered with white; the chin, throat,
and breast, white, intermixed with black. The back, too,
has the feathers tipped with white; the lower part white.

The wings reach in extent to one foot ten inches: greater
wing coverts, white; lesser wing coverts, partly white, and
partly black; the primaries, which are black, are, except the
first, tipped with greyish white, the edge of the outer webs
of that colour for a third of their length; secondaries, partly
tipped with white, the outer web of these also being marked
in like manner as the others just described. In winter the
white is spotted with brownish black. Tertiaries, greater
and lesser under wing coverts, tail, and upper and under
tail coverts, brownish black; legs and toes, vermilion, or coral
red, with a tinge of orange, the deepest colour in the
summer.

The young are at first covered with dull greyish black
brown. They next are mottled with black and white feathers.

Sir William Jardine mentions one shot by him in the
month of January, which had the head and upper part of
the neck clouded with brownish black, the whole of the
chin, throat, and breast, white, except the sides of the last-
named, which were clouded v/ith brownish black. The back
on the upper part, deep brownish black, on the lower part
nearly white. The white in front of, and on the wings,
clouded with brownish black*

ROTCHE.

157

ROTCHE.

LITTLE AUE:. ice BIRD. SMALL BLACK AND WITITP: DTTEB.

COMMOX EOTCIIE.

Una minor, Brisson.

A/ca alle. Pennant. Montagu.

•' " Bewick.

Uria alle, Temminck.

Mergulns melanoleucos, Fleming. Selbt.

Jenyns.

k/ria~A bird supposed to be the Guilleniut. Minor — Lesser.

These birds are of true oceanic habits, although, as will
be seen, they have in many numerous instances occurred far
inland.

They are abundant in Greenland, wliere they breed, and in
different parts of North America, Baffm's Bay, Davis* Straits,
and on other parts of the continent, on to New Jersey, and
several parts of the United States; also in Europe, at Iceland,
in the Island of Grimsey. So, too, in Nova Zembia and
Spitzbergen. Captain Beechy, E.N., in the account of his
voyage to the North Pole, writes tluis of them, in describing
the scenery of Magdalen IBay, on the west of the island. —
*At the head of the Bay there is a high pyramidal mountain
of granite, termed Eodge Hill, from the myriads of bird*.
the Eotche, that frequent its base, and which appeared to
prefer its environs to any part of tlie liarbour.* He adds,
*they are so numerous, that we have often seen an uninterrupted
line of them extending full half way over the Bay, or to a
distance of more than three miles. This column, on the
average, might have been about six yards broad, and as many
deep. There must have been nearly four millions of birds od
the wing at one time.'

158 . T^OTCHE.

Meyer writes, ^the incredible ntitiiDers of this species that
Aave been seen by voyagers, on the surface of the northern
seas, are very remarkable; it is said that they cover the
surface of the water, and the floating masses of ice as far
as the eye can discern, and when they take flight they actually
darken the sky. This species is so enth-ely a sea-bird, that
it is only seen on land, or in the immediate vicinity of the
coast, during the breeding-season, and at other times hardly .
ever within fifteen or twenty miles from the shore.' They
appear not be very shy in their habits.

Occasional specimens occur in hard winters on the coasts
of Holland and France.

This small sea-bird has, as just observed, in many mstances
been found inland after stormy weather. In Yorkshire, near
Bridlington they occasionally occur in small flocks. One was
taken alive in a farm-yard in the parish of Naflerton, after
a severe snow-blast from the north and north-east, on the
24th. of February, 1853, and brought to me.

One, a male, was picked up in the town of Barnsley, in
the West-Eiding, on the 11th. of JSTovember, 1854. Three
turned up at Whitby, during the first week in March, 1853.
One at Harrogate, on the 10th. of January, 1854; one,
October 21st., 1851, at IsTaburn, on the Ouse, below York,
the ancient seat of the family of my friend, the Rev.
William Lindsay Palmes, for six hundred years. In 1841,
a large flight of these birds crossed the country near
Doncaster, and many were found, some dead, and others
alive. One near Hebden-Bridge, October 25th., 1834; about
the same time one at Luddenden, near there. Several on
Foss Island, near York. The species has also occurred at
Copgrove, near Knaresborough, as mentioned to Montagu by
the Rev. Mr. Dalton. Many ofi* Redcar in 1841, as also all
along the coasts of Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Sufiblk, Essex,
Kent, and Sussex.

In Oxfordshire, one was caught at Salford, near Chipping
Norton, in December, 1847; another had been found in an
adjoining parish a few years previously. Several have been
taken near Oxford. It has also occurred near Newbury,
Berkshire.

In Cornwall, one at Plymouth Hoe, in December, 1850;
one at Pennance, December 19th., 1846; one in Bream Bay,
March 7th., 1847; one also at Gwyllyn Vase. Also on the
coast of Devonshire. Montagu records three killed in his

EOTCHE. lb\)

time, one on the 4th. of December, 1804, another on the
25th. of November, 1805, and the thh'd on the 17th. of
January, 180G. Two have been met with in Falmouth
harbour.

One was shot near Dover, in the year 1840, which Mr.
Chaffey, of Dodington, has written me word ( "; and one at
KilHngholme, Lincohishire, in 1846, of which Mr. George
Johnson is my informant. One was obtained in the vicinity
of Ingham, in Norfolk, and one in the same county, shot
near Yarmouth, the 24th. of November, 1853, of which Mr.
James Hunt wrote to me; one also near Hunstanton, in
severe weather in the winter of 1852, of which the Eev.
W. C. Fearon, Vicar of that parish, has written me word.
One near Cambridge; one, in the severe storm of January,
1854, was found dead upon the ice, in the Lordship of
Great Houghton, near Northampton; of this Mr. William
Brookes Gates has informed me. Another was caught alive
at Wildon, in the same county.

A large flock of these birds visited the Dunbar shore
during a severe storm, in November and December, 1846,
and one of them is now in my collection, obligingly for-
warded to me by E. Gray, Esq., Southcroft, Govan, Glasgow,
who procured twenty or thirty specimens. He wrote to me
of these, 'Many of them were in a disabled state, and were
found in fields and gardens in the neighbourhood. Some
were found dead in these situations, small flocks were
observed along the shore, and sometimes met with in the
harbour, and other smooth water to which they could get
access. I had at one time eight or nine individuals in
custody. Two of them were very fine specimens. Those in
my possession w^ere very pugnacious; between the two I have
just mentioned, a sharp fight happened, which was likely to
end in the death of the weaker combatant, had they not
been separated. The Little Auk is found at the Bass Eock.
I saw a specimen there in July, 1851. It is also said to
breed at St. Abb's Head.' After the same storm alluded to
above, Mr. Edward, of Banff, counted, between the burn of
the Boyne and Greenside of Gamrie, a distance of about
nine miles, between fifty and sixty of tliem, which had been
cast ashore dead. Another, also recorded in the *Banftshire
Journal' by Mr. Edw^ard, was found alive on a pool of
wator, in the hollow of a hill, on the w^est side of the
Gallowhill, near Banfi*, on the lOth. of February, ib52.

160 EOTCHE.

One of these birds was picked tip in the middle of the
city of Durham, not far from the River AVear, in the garden
of E. Shepperdson, Esq., on the 26th. of November, 1852.
It had apparently just been seized by a cat. In the month
of October hundreds appeared off Hartlepool, on the Dur-
ham coast, and the birds were in such close flocks, that five
or six were killed at a shot. One was seen near Stockton-
on-Tees, in the county of Durham, in March, 1853, and
another was shot on the River Wear, near Durham, the
beginning of December, 1846. In Sussex one was obtained
at Crawley the first week in November, 1850, and another
near Worthing, shot on the 15th. of November, 1852. In
Surrey it has occurred near Grodalming. In Somersetshire
one at Weston-super-Mare in the winter of 18418-9. In
Cambridgeshire one was picked up alive, but in a very
exhausted state, at Newmarket Heath, in the month of
November, 1849; another between Cambridge and St. Neots,
November 21st., 1851. Another was found between Baldock
and Roys ton, in 1846. In Worcestershire one about the
same time near Malvern. Nine others have occurred in that
county.

They have been met with along the coasts of Essex,
Suffolk, and Norfolk. They are extremely uncertain in their
appearance. Great numbei^ appeared off the shore in the
month of October, 1841. Three in November, 1853, off
Yarmouth, Lynn, and at Norwich respectively. In 1846,
specimens occurred at Sculthorpe, on the 3rd. of December;
at Norwich on the 5th.; Horsey on the 7th.; Cromer and
Stratton-Strawless on the 17th.; and at Salthouse and
Fakenham on the 18th. and 19th.; with several others.
Four near Downham, near which place one was subsequently
obtained in the second week of July in the same year. A
few were on sale in the London markets. Three in Shrop-
shire. Others in Bristol and up the Severn. One in
Hertfordshire, at Wheathampstead.

In Scotland one was procured by the Rev. Mr. Cunning-
ham, of Prestonpans. It had been taken in an exhausted
state by some fishermen; another, also, in November, 1852,
in the Firth off Dalmeny Park; another was shot by
Robert H. Broughton, Esq. near Cramond, on the Firth of
Forth, on the 14th. of February, 1853. In Sutherlandshire
the species occurs, but not numerously, in the winter. A
very large flock made their appearance in Moray Firth m

ROTCHE. 161

December, 1846. 'Every stream and burn falling into the
Firth was discovered to have some of these active little
divers, and so careless were they of the presence of man,
that in some instances they were taken alive, while others
are said to have been found in the interior of houses/

In Orkney they occasionally appear in great numbers
during winter. They were unusually abundant in the years
1803 and 1812, in January, in 1846-7, and in 1850-1, in
Sanday. They likewise visit Shetland.

In Ireland they occur as stragglers. The late William
Thompson, Esq., of Belfast, has recorded their appearance
in the counties of Kerry and Wexford.

One cannot help feeling pity for these poor little sea-birds,,
driven so far from their native places by the unkindly blasts
of hyperborean hurricanes, and cast 'lean, rent, and beggared,'
on an alien and inhospitable element. It would have been
natural to suppose that the ordinary severity of the stormy
north would have rendered them proof against the milder
winters of our climate, and that our wildest tempests would
have seemed to them to blow but as *gentle gales.' How-
ever, from some cause or other, the contrary effect at times
takes place; but inasmuch as it is an 411 wind that blows
no one any good,' so we may on the other hand take
pleasure in the thought that their having been thus noticed
in so many places, shews that there must be in each such
case some one or more persons who both observe and record
the occurrence of the birds that come in their way. *Quot
avium tot homines.' Every disadvantage is counterbalanced
by some advantage; every evil by some good. What applies
in the moral world applies equally, in its way, in the
natural. 'AH things are double one against another,' says
the author of the Book of Ecclesiasticus, 'and God hath
made nothing imperfect.'

The Rotche is, as already observed, altogether devoted to
a 'life on the ocean wave,' where alone it is at home, except
indeed during the breeding-season, when, certainly, on the
other hand, if never else, it must, in one sense, be allowed
to be so. During the remainder of the year it never quits
the 'mighty deep,' either in storm or calm, though some-
times, as before shewn, the tremendous gales of the nortli are
too much for even this hardy bird to struggle against. He
cannot keep a 'good offing,' where, like the ship, he would
be secure, l3ut is forced among the billows and breakei*8, and

TOU Til. M

162 ■ROTCHE.

is finally cast ashore and wrecked at those tempestuous
seasons, when even —

*The sturdy rock, for all his strength,
By raging seas is rent in twain.'

But, except in such extremities, the Little Auk surmounts
with ease the summit of the highest wave, or meeting it as
it advances, dives through the midst, and emerges safely on
the other side to pursue its course over the wild watery
waste.

True hirds of the ocean, these Auks usually keep to deep
sea-water, and approach the shore only during bad weather.
They have been noticed on one occasion, in Orkney, on
fresh-water lochs.

They fly fast, at a low elevation, and on the land are able
to walk about with ease. They can remain below the water
for about two minutes.

Their food is composed of small Crustacea.

The note of this interesting little bird is a pretty chirrup
or pipe, partly plaintive and partly lively; it resembles the
syllables 'try' and ^eye,' frequently repeated, especially when
engaged with the nest.

The shelter of a chance stone on the earth or rock in
some precipitous spot, from whence it can readily drop into
the water, or take flight, is all that the Little Auk thinks
it necessary to seek or provide in the shape of a nest,
unless some cavernous hollow present itself, and this, if suitable,
will be taken advantage of by several individuals.

The egg of this small sea-bird is of an uniform pale bluish
green; some specimens are spotted with rust-colour. It is
of an oval shape, and the ends obtuse.

Several of these birds build in company, from fifty to a
hundred or so.

'While one of the parent birds sits on the eggs, the other
may be seen close by, perched on a rock or stone. The
young do not leave the nest before they are fully fledged.'

Male; length, about eight inches and a half, or eight and
three quarters to nine; the bill is black, short, and thick;
both mandibles are notched, and there are two slight furrows
on the upper one. Iris, dark brown; over it is a small
white spot or speck. Head on the crown, which is flat in
shape, neck, nape, chin, and throat, deep glossy velvet black;

HOTCHE. 1G3

in winter the sides of the head, as also the cliin and throat,
are white, the first-named streaked with dusky, going hack-
wards, and forming an indistinct narrow hand at the back of
the head; and in the double moult in spring and autumn, to
which these birds are subject, mottled with black and white;
breast, white, with a few blackish brown streaks below on
the sides, the inner webs of the feathers being of that colour.
Back, glossy velvet black.

Greater and lesser wing coverts, dull black; primaries, dull
black; secondaries, dull black, the tips white, forming a
narrow band or streak across the wing; tertiaries, dull black;
greater and lesser under wing coverts, white. Tail, glossy
brownish black; tail coverts, glossy brownish black. Legs
and toes, yellowish olive brown, otherwise described as blackish
brown with a tinge of red. Webs, darker yellowish olive
brown.

Temminck points out that the young birds of the year
may be distinguished by having the sides of the head
clouded with grey.

The figure of thb present species is from a drawing made
by John Gatcombe, Esq., of Wyndham Place, Plymouth; I
have also been favoui'ed with a drawing by Theodore Coaipton,
Esq.

164

PUFFIN

COULTEE-iS-EB. SEA-PAEEOT.

Mormon frutercula^ GouLD. Temminck.

Alca aicticay Pennant. Montagu.

3Iormon — A hobgoblin. Fratercula — .,?

In giving to the world this my *Book of Mormon/ the
historical part is illustrated bj a figure which, though not
one of the 'Golden Plates,' will, I hope, more truly corrob-
orate the fidelity of the account I furnish from the salt
sea, than did those of the impostor of the *Salt Lake* that
which he gave to the deluded followers of his wretched
deception.

The Puffin is extremely abundant in Iceland, Lapland,
and Norway, as well as in other parts of Scandinavia, and
thence goes north to the Faroe Islands, Nova Zambia, and
Spitzbergen. In America, it belongs to Labrador, Baffin's
Bay, Hudson's Bay, and many other parts, advancing south-
wards as far as Georgia.

It is taken on the French, Spanish, and Dutch coasts,
and has occurred in Italy — a single specimen in the year
1823.

They are seen in immense multitudes in the Shetland
Islands, and not a few resort annually to the Fern Islands,
on the coast of Northumberland.

In Yorkshire, the Puffin is common at Flamborough. One
of these birds was found dead in WhiteclifF Bay, Isle of
Wight, Hampshire, on the 4th. of January, 1853, after some
stormy weather; others have been observed on the coast;
one also on the 3rd. of that month in Seaford Bay, Sussex,
where several had been procured the previous December. In

1

J

PUFFIN. 1G5

Dorsetshire, one was taken on the rocks uhder Portland, in
January, 1851; five others were fo ind dead on the Chesil
Bank, on the 27th. of February, in the same year, alter
gales from the south-west. Likewise, in February and March,
1853, the Welsh coast about Morfa, Bychaw, and Harlech,
was strewed with dead Puffins. They are occasional visitants
to Yarmouth, Norfolk, and the coast, in autumn. One was
found near Ely, Cambridgeshire, in a fen, the iSth. of
February, 1852.

In Cornwall, one was shot on the beach near Falmouth,
January 27th., 1850; one near St. Looe, in March, 1845,
and another in January, 1846. It has occurred also at
Gwyllyn Vase and Swanpool, but the species is not common:
it is said to be more numerous at the Scilly Islands. In
the county of Berks, a specimen of this bird was taken
alive in Northbrook Street, Newbury, March IGlh., 1^16.

In the 'Magazine of Natural History,* volume i., there it
Sk statement made by Mr. Edwin Lees, of Worcester, of his
having been informed that Puffins *once upon a time,' used
every year to visit a pool in Westwood Park, near Droit-
wich, Worcestershire, the seat of Sir John Pakington, Bart.;
but I can hardly conceive but that some other bird must
have been intended by his informant.

In Scotland, in Sutherlandshire, the Puffin is numerous
in Handa, and other parts; likewise at Puffin Island, in the
Firth of Forth; the Bass Ilock, off East Lothian, and
others of the Scottish Islands. So also in the Orkneys
they are very abundant, but only throughout the summer,
moving southwards as winter is about to commence. ^ In the
Shetland Islands, too, they are to be seen in immense
numbers; as also at St. Kilda and the Hebrides genor.

They are common birds in Ireland, and have brcw....^-
haunts around the coast. They occur in Anglesea, and
Priestholm Isle off its coast, as also in different parts of
Wales, as at St. Margaret's Island, near St. David's; Uk^
wise in the Isle oC Man.

They come northwards early in April, and depart towards
the latter end of August, or beginning of ^ September,
according as they are farther nortli or south. Selhy writes,
*It is only known to us as a summer visitant, and that
from the south, making its first appearance in the vicinit?
of the breeding-stations about the middle of April, and
regularly departing between the 10th. and 20lh. ol Augtut

16G PTrmis-.

for the south of France, Spain, and other parts of ETirope^
where it passes the remainder of the year.'

These curious and grotesque-looking birds are able to
inflict a severe bite with their strong bills. They assemble
in their native countries in such vast numbers, that Mr.
Hewitson describes a flock seen at the distance of a mile
as having the appearance of a dark cloud.

They sit on the ledges of the rocks in long rows, bowing
towards each other, and putting themselves into various
amusing attitudes. They are restless birds, and continually
keep moving or looking about, turning the head first in
one and then in another direction. They are rather wary,
and take wing or dive on the approach of suspected danger;
they are, however, readily tamed, and soon become familiar.
Like the next species, whose cognomen sufficiently indicates
the keenness of its bite, the vernacular name of the one
before us bespeaks the fact that its neb or bill is as strong
and sharp as a coulter.

The Puffin has but indifferent capabilities for walking,
leaning on the whole length of the leg and foot, but swims
and dives well. It also flies swiftly, in general, for a moderate
distance, but for some miles on occasion, and in a straight
direction near the water, the wings being opened wide and
quickly beaten.

Their food consists of sprats and young fish, sea-insects^
and the smaller Crustacea — shrimps, crabs, and others, as also^
it is said, sea-weed.

The note is a low 'orr,' *orr.'

The Puffin breeds in precipitous places on the coast and
its adjacent islands, seeming to give a preference to such as
are covered with a formation of mould. The nest is made
both on cliffs and high rocks, and the short verdure which
obtains on any level places on the sides or summit of such.
These birds either take possession of a rabbit-burrow, often
contending with the proper owners for it, or dig a hole them-
selves, as a receptacle for their eggs, frequently to the depth
of three feet, and often in a curving direction, and with two
entrances. A natural cranny or fissure in the rock will
equally serve the purpose, or a time-worn hole in an old wall
or ruin.

The egg is deposited at the farther end. Mr. Selby adds
that when engaged in digging, which operation is generally
performed by the males, they are sometimes so intent upon

PUFFUS*. 1G7

their work, as to allow themselves to V 'akeii by the hand;
and the same may also be done when the bird is sitting on
its ef^g". The vounoc are hatched after a month's incubation.
In about a like period of time, or a week or two more, they
come to their full feathers, and are able to quit their native
burrows, and enter on their ocean of life. Meyer says that
where both birds have been killed, others have been known
to take charge of the egg or young.

Only one egg is laid, and its colour is white, sometimes
spotted with pale grey.

These birds begin to assemble in April, and the building-
time is at the end of May or beginning of June.

Male; weight, between twelve and thirteen ounces; length,
one foot to one foot one inch. The bill, which derives its
name from a fancied resemblance between its curious shape
and the coulter of a ploughshare, is of several colours, the
bare part about the mouth, which projects a little both above
and below, yellowish white, the next portion bluish grey,
followed by orange red, and this again by bright red. The
upper mandible, which corresponds in colour with the lower,
has three grooves, and the lower one two. It is slightly
hooked. It would appear that the bill does not attain its
full size till the third year. In winter it is more dull in
colour. The sides of the mouth are orange yellow. Iris,
grey, the eyelids reddish orange. There is a small protuber-
ance of a grey colour, and of an oblong shape, attached to
the lower one, and another of a triangular shape to the upper.
IBehind the eye the feathers are divided, forming a narrow
line or streak which reaches to the back of the head. Fore-
head, black; head on the sides, white, or greyish white, darkest
immediately behind the eye, the feathers full. In winter, the
sides of the head are leaden grey, darkest over the base of
the lower mandible. Crown, back of the head, neck, and
nape, black, the first-named tinged with grey; chin, greyish
white, or white, darkest on the sides; the throat exhibits a
band of deep black, tinted with grey, which joins the former
colour on the nape; breast, white; back, black, darkest on
the middle part.

The wings expand to the width of one f >ot nine inches;
greater and lesser wing coverts, glossy bhick; primaries, dusky
black, but paler than the secondaries, which are also black;
tertiaries, black. The tail consists of sixteen featliers. It is
short, and black in colour. Upper tail coverts, black; legs

168 puppiN.

and toes, bright oraiige red; claws, black, the inner one much
hooked; webs, orange red.

The female is as the male in plumage and appearauco.

The young, w^hich are at first covered with bUickish down
on the upper part, have the head, neck on the back, and
nape, and the back and tail, dusky.

Varieties of this bird have been known. Some quite \vhito
have been noticed, and one was seen by Mr. Neill, which
had only two or three black feathers on the back.

169

RAZOR-BILL.

RAZOn-BILL AVK. BLACK-BILLED AUK. AUK. ITUPTTK
PALK. MaRTJOT. SKORT.

Alca torda. Pennant. Montagu. Bewici

" ficOf Montagu. BrwicK.

Alca — ? 7orc/a—Q ufcre, a cormption from Tarsia— slow.

This bird is plentiful on the shores of the islands in the
Arctic seas of Europe, Asia, and America, from Canada,
Labrador, and Greenland, to Iceland, Norway, and Kamts-
chatka. It is seen also in Denmark, Holstein, Prussia, France,
and Spain, and has occurred on the northern coast of Africa,
namely, at Tangiers. In America a few occasionally go as
far south as New York.

The Razor-bill breeds in Yorkshire, at Flamborough Head,
the well-known promontory near Burlington; also on tlie
Fern Islands. It occurs occasionally at Yarmouth, Norfolk,
and along the coast, the young birds more commonly, and
the old ones less so at all times of thf^ v.-n- .v.'.M.t. in
summer.

This species has occurred in Oxfordshire — lor ihis 1 liuvo
the authority of the Hon. T. L. Powys. In Cornwall it is
not uncommon near Gwyllyn Vase, Swanpool Bay, and Fal-
mouth. One found dead by Mr. Cocks on tlio 3rd. of January,
1849. A young bird w^as shot there by Mr. May, January
0th., 1849. In Hampshire it has occurred at the Isle of
Wight.

In February and March, 1853, the beach about Mcrfa,
Bychaw, and Harlech, in North Wales, was strewed with
dead birds of this kind.

It is plentiful in the Orkney and Shetland Islands, also in
Scotland, in Sutherlandshire, about Handa and other porta.
Many migrate southwai'ds in the winter from the more

170 EAZOE-BILL.

northern parts, and these in turn are succeeded by others
from still colder regions.

They are common in Ireland.

The Eazor-bill is a migratory species, and begins to move
southwards about the end of September, continuing its travels
through I^ovember and December, according as the weather
up to that period has been more or less severe. In March
and April it returns northwards again. According to Meyer,
'During these migrations an interesting circumstance may be
observed, namely, that when the several divisions or groups
of a flock descend upon the sea to rest themselves, the parties
that are behind alight some distance in advance of those that
first settled, so that when the first-arrived parties have re-
cruited their strength, and taken wing again, the later-arrived
groups having alighted so much in advance, have had time
to rest themselves also, and are prepared in their turn to
follow in the train of their former leaders as soon as these
have passed over.'

They may often be seen far from land, *coelum undique et
undique pontus.' The parent birds appear to be much attached
to their young.

They fly strongly, rather fast, and well, but near the surface
of the water, rising up only to gain a rock or clifi", the wings
being quickly beaten. The birds that compose a flock keep
at some distance from each other. On the land their motions
are awkward and slow, and if pursued they make use of their
wings to further their advance. They swim and dive with
great ability.

They feed on young herrings, sprats, and other small fish,
as also on Crustacea, obtained by diving to a considerable
depth.

The note is likened to the syllables 'arr' and 'orr.'

Any slight hollow or cranny in a rock of the cliff over-
hanging the sea, or even the bare unsheltered surface of the
rock itself, a preference being given to the most precipitous
places, is chosen by the Eazor-bill as a deposit for its single
egg. This in the month of April. Even here, however, it
is exposed to accidents of different kinds, and is not unfre-
quently thrown down by a high wind, or some other bird,
great numbers frequenting, from the like causes of predilection,
the same breeding-places, or is broken by a chance stone or
mass of earth dislodged from above: such landslips overwhelm
also, at times, the bird herself.

EAZOR-BTLL. 171

The old birds shew much attachment to their young. The
latter are able in July to provide for themselves, but tlie
descent to the sea is not always accomplished with safety.
It sometimes happens that in throwing themselves down from
the edge of the cliff, to which they are led by their parents,
and instructed, as it were almost what to do, they fail in
clearing every obstacle below, and the force of the fall in
such case is fatal. They lay towards the end of May or the
beginning of June.

The egg is subject to almost endless variety. Its prevailing
colour is white, blotted and spotted with blackish brown and
reddish brown.

Male; weight, about twenty-seven ounces; length, one foot
five inches or over; bill, black, with three grooves following
the profile of the front of the upper mandible, and one
white curved streak arising from it and meeting the like
one on the opposite side, and two grooves and a white line
on the lower one; from the top of the base of the upper
bill a clear streak of white slants backwards and upwards
to the eye. The bill is much hooked at the tip; the inside
of the mouth is yellow; iris, dark brown. Head on the
sides, paler, and on the crown, neck, and nape, darker
brownish black, becoming more brown in tint as the sunimer
advances. Chin and throat, the same, but paler. Breast,
white; back, deep brownish black.

The wings expand to the width of two feet three inches j
greater and lesser wing coverts, black; primaries, black, tlie
outer webs with a shade of grey; secondaries, black, tippeil
with white, wdiich forms a narrow streak across the winjj;
tertiaries, black; greater and lesser under wing coverts, white.
The tail is wedge-shaped, the two middle feathers beins^
considerably longer than the others, and narrowed towards
the tip; upper tail coverts, black; under tail coverts, white.
Legs and toes, dusky bhick; webs, dusky black.

The female is of like plumage as the male.

The young bird at first has the hill plain, and is without
the white line between the bill and the eye, but acquires
it, though indistinctly, the end of the year. Head a; ' • :i,
dull black, streaked with a few plumes of white. i ^

of the head, chin, and throat are white, and the neck in
front is streaked with a few black filar. ents, and beliiad
with a few white ones. Back, dull black.

172

GREAT AUK.

GAIR-FOWL. NOETHERN PENGUIN.

Alca impennisy Pennant Montagu. Bewick. Fleming.

" " Selby. JenYxNS. Gould. Temminck.

Alca — ? Impennis — Wingless.

This great bird appears to belong exclusively to the
extremest polar regions, few wanderers having found their way
to more habitable lands; and even where it was formerly
known, it seems now to be extinct.

In Europe it used to be seen on the Iceland and Ferroe
waters, and on the coast of Norway; so also at Spitzbergen.
In America, one was obtained at sea, over a fishing bank,
about a hundred leagues from Newfoundland; it is said to
have been formerly of more frequent occurrence in those
parts, and indeed from Labrador to Boston. In ancient
times the present was a Greenland species, but it is long
since one was seen there.

The instances of the occurrence of the Great Auk in this
country have been but very few. Sir William Hooker has
mentioned one specimen obtained near Southwold, in the
county of Suffolk; Mr. Bullock another taken on a pond
on the estate of Sir William Clayton, Bart., near Marlow,
Buckinghamshire; and Dr. Edward Moore has recorded one
found dead on Lundy Island in the Bristol Channel, off the
north coast of Devon, in the year 1829.

In the Hebrides, one was taken at St. Kilda in the winter
of 1822; another in 1829: the latter escaped from confinement.
Mr. John Macgillivray writes, speaking of the year 1840,
*The Great Auk was declared by several of the inhabitants to
be of not unfrequent occurrence about St. Kilda, where,

GK

GT7FAT AUK. 173

however, it has not been known to breed for many years
back; three or four specimens only have been procured
during the memory of the oldest inhabitant.'

Dr. Baikie and Mr. Eobert Heddle write, 'This bird lias
not visited Orkney for many years. One was seen off Fair
Isle, in June, 1798; a pair bred in Papa Westray for several
years, where they were named the king and queen of the
Auks. Shortly after Mr. Bullock's visit to Orkney, in 1813,
one of these birds was shot and sent to him, and since that
time the Great Auk has apparently forsaken our islands.'

In Ireland, this very fine bird has occurred, but very
rarely. One was taken off the coast of the county of
Waterford in the year 1834.

This species has been kept in confinement for some time.

The short wings of these Auks, though inadequate to
support them in the air, render them material assistance in
their progress beneath the surface of the water, and tliere
they proceed, it is related, with wonderful rapidity; and in
swimming are equally adept. Being thus unable to fly, it
would appear that they raise themselves to their breedinj^-
places on the rocks by the aid of the waves which dash
without ceasing ac:ainst the desolate shores wliich they
frequent. On the land they walk but slowly, and use their
wings to help them forwards. They are not shy or easily
alarmed, the result no doubt of their having been accus-
tomed to live in security in their remote quarters.

They feed on fish, and, some say, on sea-plants.

The" Great Auk hatches its eg^j; on the bare ground,^ close
above the sea-board, or in the clefts of rocks. This in the
month of June.

The egg is vellowish white, streaked and spotted, principally
about the larger end, with black.

These eggs may be said to be 'worth their wei^'hl \i\
gold;' I know of "about sixty guineas having been j^iven for
a pair.

Male; length, two feet eight or ten inches, Moni.v-,- ..ivs
as much as^ three feet; the bill, wliieh is flattened at the
sides, and marked with several transverse grooves, is \ery
strong, and black in colour, the grooves white; between it
and the eve, and around the latter, is a large oval patch
of white; the base of the bill is covered with short velvet-
like feathers. Iris, reddish brown; head on the crown and
sides, neck, nape, chin, and throat, deep glossy black; the

174 GREAT A.VK.

two latter and the sides of the head are white in autumn
and winter. Breast, white; back, glossy black.

Greater and lesser wing coverts, black; primaries, black,
the longest quill feather is only four inches in length;
secondaries, black, their tips white, forming a boundary to
the wing; tertiaries, black; greater and lesser under wing
coverts, white. Tail, black; upper tail coverts, black; under
tail coverts, white. The legs, short, and placed far back,
are, as the toes and claws, blackish; webs, blackish brown.

Selby says that this species undergoes a double moult,
and Dr. Fleming noticed that the change took place in a
few days.

In the young bird it would appear that the bill becomes
only gradually grooved, and the neck is mottled with black
and white.

END OP TOL. Til.

V

B. FAWCETT, ENGRAVER AND PRINTER, DRIFFIELD.

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